56 University of California Publications i)i Zoology. [Vol. 4 



PAGE 



Restatement of the prohlem 173 



Proposed solutions; Driesch 's doctrine of the entelechy 174 



A physiological formulation 175 



The difficult point; two possible answers 177 



Development of the unity of action 177 



, Imperfect unity 178 



Imperfect present solution of the 2>roblem on purely physiological 



grounds 179 



The entelechy doctrine a renunciation of all solution 179 



The problem one whose solution is to be completed in the future 182 



Concluding statement 183 



Literature cited 184 



INTRODUCTORY. 



An organism is a complex mass of matter in which certain 

 processes are taking place; the aggregate or system of these 

 processes we call life. The fundamental processes are those that 

 we call metabolism. Every animal is continually taking in 

 certain kinds of matter, transforming them, and giving them off 

 again to the outside — gaining energy in the process. Subsidiary 

 to this general chemical transformation we find the processes of 

 digestion, circulation, excretion and the like. It is of the utmost 

 importance, if we are to understand the behavior of organisms, 

 that we think of them as dynamic — as processes, rather than as 

 structures. The animal is something happening. 



In connection with these internal processes, we find that most 

 organisms have a system of movements, of the body as a whole, 

 or of its external parts. This system of movements we call 

 beJiavior. It is closely bound up with the internal processes; 

 indeed, the two sets of activities are really one, and we shall be 

 led far astray if we try to think of the behavior separately from 

 the internal processes. In two ways the behavior shows itself an 

 outgrowth of the internal processes. First, the energy for the 

 external movements is all produced in the internal processes, so 

 that change in the processes necessarily involves change in the 

 movements; and change in the movements demands a previous 

 change in the internal processes. The two then can not obey 



