17 
LIFE ZONES IN BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.* 
Part I1.—The Fossils of the Millstone Grits and Pendleside Series. 
WHEELTON HIND, M.D., B.S, F.R.C.S, F.G.S. 
THERE is much to be done yet to work out the life-zones of the 
Millstone Grits and Pendleside series. A certain amount of 
detail has already accumulated, and I think it may be well to 
put on record what is known on the subject. 
It must be remembered that the Pendleside series and Mill- 
stone grits are a very local deposit, the maximum thickness of 
each coinciding. I have pointed out on many occasions that 
the Pendleside series thins out north and south. I have not met 
with the deposit, in the Pennine area, north of Settle. It is 
absent in Coalbrook Dale and Cannock Chase, where the 
Carboniferous Limestone is succeeded by Coal Measures, with- 
out unconformity, but the series is represented at Chokier, 
Mons, and Clavier in Belgium, and in the homotaxical equiva- 
lent of the Culm of Magdeburg and other German localities. 
In the West I have estimated that it is represented by some 
60 feet of shales and concretionary limestones in Cos. Clare and 
Limerick. A comparison of the faunas demonstrates that the 
Lower Culm of North Devon is the homotaxical equivalent 
of the Pendleside series of the Midlands. 
So also with regard to the Millstone Grit series; the maximum 
thickness of this series occupies an area which may be roughly 
said to extend from North Derbyshire to Bolland and Craven. 
In North Staffordshire the Grits thin out very rapidly, so that they 
are not represented in the Carboniferous sequence further south. 
Northwards, beds of grits succeed the Yoredale phase of the 
Carboniferous Limestone as far as Northumberland, but, as 
grits, are absent in the Scotch sequence where they are repre- 
sented by about 687 feet of sandstones and shales, which inter- 
vene between the Castle Carey Limestone and the Slate band 
ironstone, the roof of which is characterised by the presence of 
Carbonicola robusta. 
In the coalfields of the Midlands we find the marine beds of 
the Ganister series, with Gastrioceras listert, G. carbonarium, 
Dimorphoceras gilbertsont, Pterinopecten papyraceus, Posidoniella 
levis and Orthoceras, below the maximum of C. robusta, and at 
present only a fragment of P. papyraceus, and some two or 
three specimens of Poszdontella levis have been obtained in the 
* For previous paper see ‘ Naturalist’ for August, 1906. 
1907 January 1. 
