Elgee: The Driftless Area of North-East Vorkshtre. 139 
(Graebner, Die Heide Norddeutschlands). Cultivation has now 
reclaimed all these waste spaces, though whether they were 
always free from trees is doubtful. 
The Fauna.—In considering the present moorland fauna 
we have to bear in mind that some of the species are of pre- 
glacial origin, and survived on this region, and that some have 
emigrated into the area after the Ice Age. It is not always 
easy to distinguish between the two, but a fairly safe guide is 
to be found in the present geographical distribution of the 
species. Those of northern origin, or that range into cold 
climates, are the most likely to have escaped destruction by 
taking refuge in the uplands; whilst those species of southern 
origin probably left the district, to reappear with the ameliora- 
tion of the climate. The former class is well represented by 
many species of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera among the insects, 
some of which are exclusively confined to the typical moorland 
plants enumerated above. Taking the Lepidoptera first, the 
following is a list of the species known to occur on the driftless 
region, with their geographical distribution and their food plants 
in the larval state. None of them, as a rule, are found else- 
where except on moors. 
Agrotis strigula, North Europe (Calluna and Erica). 
Agrotis agathina, West Central Europe (Calluna and Erica). 
Celena haworthit, North and North Central Europe (Cotton 
Grass). 
Anarta myrtilli, North, Central, and South West Europe 
(Erica). 
Flepialus velleda, North and Central Europe (Roots of 
Bracken). 
Plusia interrogationis, North Europe and North Asia, in the 
British Islands becoming commoner northwards (Calluna 
and Erica). 
Eupithecta nanata, Central Europe (Calluna and Erica). 
Eupithecia minutata, Holland and Germany, probably a heath- 
frequenting form of 4. absinthiata which is found in 
North Europe (Calluna and Erica). 
Acidala fumata, North, and the mountains of Central 
Europe, North Asia (Calluna, Erica, and Vaccinium). 
Larentia caestata, North, and the mountains of Central 
Europe, North West Asia, and America (Erica and 
Vaccinium). 
Scodiona belgiarta Central Europe (Erica and Calluna). 
1907, April 1. 
