140 Elgee: The Driftless Area of North-East Yorkshire. 
Aspilates strigillaria, Central Europe (Erica and Calluna). 
Cidaria populata, North Europe, Asia, and America 
(Vaccinium). 
Cidarta testata, North Europe, Asia, and America (Calluna). 
Ematurga atomaria, Europe, West-Central, and North Asia 
(Erica, Lotus, Trifolium). 
Panagra petraria, Central Europe, West-Central, and North 
Asia, and Japan (Bracken). 
Phycts fusca, North Europe and North America (Erica). 
Polia solidagints, North and Central Europe, North-West 
Asia (Vaccinium). 
Venusta cambricarta, North and Central Europe, North Asia, 
Japan, North America (Mountain Ash). 
In looking over this list we find that fifteen species are found 
in North Europe and North Asia, and therefore habituated 
to colder climates than that of Britain, and joining this with the 
further fact that species of the genera Colzas, Pachnobia, Plusza, 
Anarta, Cidaria and Eupithecta are inhabitants of the Arctic 
parts of Europe and America, there seems little reason to doubt 
that many of the above species were enabled to live on the 
driftless region throughout the Ice Age. On the other hand 
there are some moor Lepidoptera which may have re-occupied 
the region in post-glacial times. Among them are Saturnia 
carpint, an insect of Asiatic origin; Bombyx rubi, Lastocampa 
guercus, and Sfzlosoma fuliginosa, which, besides feeding on 
heather, live on many other kinds of plants. 
The survival of insects on the driftless area receives sepa 
able verification in the following quotation from Heilprin’s 
“Geographical Distribution of Animals’ (p. 280) :—‘ The 
officers of the British North Pole Expedition, under the command 
of Sir George Nares, brought home a surprisingly rich fauna 
from the region [Grinnell Land] lying between the seventy- 
eighth and eighty-third parallels of latitude, comprising no less 
than forty-five species of true insects and sixteen arachnids, the 
former distributed as follows: Hymenoptera, five species (two 
humble-bees); Coleoptera, one; Lepidoptera, thirteen; Diptera, 
fifteen ; Hemiptera, one; Mallophaga, seven ; and Collembola, 
three. Among the Lepidoptera are a number of forms belong- 
ing to genera common in the temperate zones, such as Codzas, 
Argynnis, Lycaena, etc., which appear the more remarkable, 
seeing that the species of this order are more limited in Green- 
land (with an insect fauna numbering eighty species), and that 
Naturalist, 
