276 Elgee: Glacial Survivals. 
may be perceptible. There are possibly indications of such 
differences in North East Yorkshire. The driftless region is 
essentially Arctic in the character of its fauna and flora, 
whereas the drift covered lands chiefly support Germanic forms, 
though both have invaded the territory occupied by the other. 
The isolated occurrence of species on or near unglaciated 
areas which were surrounded by ice sheets is strongly suggestive 
of survival, be they Arctic, temperate, or southern forms, and 
in my former paper | quoted many examples. To these may 
be added the single Yorkshire record of the beetle Péerostichus 
lepidus, a ground species, obtained by the Rev. W. C. Hey on 
Sawdon and Ebberston Moors on the driftless area. In 
addition all plants ranging into the Arctic Circle and Green- 
land which live on the unglaciated moors may be included. 
It might be objected that these species are the relicts of an 
Arctic fauna and flora which was once general in Britain, but 
has since largely disappeared owing to the amelioration of the 
climate and the advance of the Germanic section of our fauna 
and flora. But it seems probable that as the Arctic types 
came from the north at the commencement of the Ice Age, most 
of them lived on the ice free country throughout its duration, 
and have since stayed there, and not been driven to it by the 
Germanic section. This latter has doubtless, however, taken 
place in other districts. 
To the insects already mentioned must be added the Dung 
Beetles (Aphodius), which live in the excreta of cattle, horses, 
and sheep, and are very numerous everywhere. One of them, 
Aphodius rufipes, lives in Siberia, the Caucasus, the High Alps, 
and Arctic Europe. It is of special interest as it also lives in 
Tropical Africa, a fact tending to show that the same species 
can become adapted to extreme climates; from which it may 
be inferred that many southern and temperate forms became 
adapted to and survived the climate of the Ice Age on ice-free 
oases. Dr. Scharff, who gives the above instance, also states 
that * ‘no less than six other species of Aphodius frequent 
alpine heights above 7000 feet, and a few ascend the region 
of permanent snow.’ This genus may therefore be added to 
our list of glacial survivals, as suitable habitats would occur in 
a land where the Musk Ox, Reindeer, and other Arctic animals 
thrived, the remains of which have been found in the district. 
(To be continued). 
* «European Animals,’ p. 137. 
Naturalist, 
