274 REPORT—1890. 
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. CHEMICAL DIVISION. 
HIGHER CERTIFICATES. 
You are expected to satisfy the Examiners in at least onB of the three sections, 
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ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, 
1. Describe a gold-leaf electroscope. How would you use it to demonstrate 
the existence of opposite electrifications ? 
2, A strong bar magnet is fixed in a vertical position with its north pole 
uppermost, and a small magnetic compass is held near it at different heights, but 
always at the same horizontal distance from the bar: describe the effects 
observed with reference to (a) the time of swing, (4) the direction of pointing of 
the compass. What information do these observations give as to the magnetic 
field about the bar P 
8. Describe the construction and action of a Daniell’s cell, and state what 
the advantage of such a cell is in maintaining a current in a circuit of small 
resistance. 
4, A current from three cells is passed through electrolytic cells in succession, 
one containing copper sulphate solution, another sodium sulphate solution, 
another acidulated water: state what occurs in each electrolytic cell, and what 
relation there is between the amounts of action in the different cells. What 
would be the effect of doubling the current through each cell ? 
5. Describe a form of tangent galvanometer, and explain the principles involved 
in its use. How would you, by means of it, determine the resistance of a given 
conductor, if you were provided with a battery and wires of known resistance ? 
Heat. 
6. A Centigrade thermometer gives a reading 51° when set in a certain hot 
bath: what reading should a correct Fahrenheit thermometer give when set 
alongside of it? What are meant by the fixed points on a thermometer? How 
are they determined ? 
7. What do you understand by the latent heat of fusion of ice? How would 
you show that its value is 80 when the Centigrade scale is used? What is its 
value when the Fahrenheit scale is used ? 
8. State the difference between radiation and conduction. Explain fully the 
formation of dew. 
9. Describe a method of determining the coefficient of linear expansion of a 
given metal, and state carefully how, from the observations taken, the coefficient 
is deduced. 
Organic CHEMISTRY. 
1. A compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen is analysed, and the results 
are stated in percentages of the three elements: what further data are required 
before an empirical formula can be assigned to the compound? When the neces- 
sary data are given, how would you proceed to determine the formula? What 
information is conveyed by the empirical formula of a compound ? 
2. Why is it important to determine the vapour densities of compounds ? 
3. Glycerin is a trihydric alcohol. Whatis meant by this statement ? 
4. By what reactions can each of the following compounds be prepared from 2 
paraffin: (i.) a monohydrie alcohol, (ii.) an ether, (iii.) an aldehyde, (iv.) a 
monobasic acid? Illustrate your answer by describing the preparation of (a) 
C.H,.0H, (6) (C,H;).0, (¢) CH,.CHO, (¢@) CH,;.COOH, from ethane (C,H,). 
5. Point out some of the chief differences between the fatty (or paraffinoid) 
compounds and the aromatic (or benzenoid) compounds. 
6. Show by reactions that the alcohols are analogous in their chemical pro- 
perties to the metallic hydroxides, and that the ethers are analogous to the 
metallic oxides, 
