636 REPORT—1890. 
The clothing of the natives was made of furs or of deer skin. Tanz 
unable to give a satisfactory description, as I have not seen any. 
Women wear dentalia in the perforated septum of the nose. Men and 
women wear ear-ornaments of shells or teeth all around the helix. Both 
men and women were tattooed, the designs consisting of one or three lines 
on each cheek and three lines on the chin. So far as I could make ont 
there is no connection between this custom and the reaching of puberty. 
In dancing the face is painted with designs representing sun, moon, or 
stars, birds or animals. They may take any design they like. The hair 
is strewn with eagle-down. 
Deer-skins are prepared in the following way: The skin is. soaked in 
a brook or in a river for a week. Then the hair is removed with a knife. 
The hind-feet are next tied to a stick, which the worker holds with his 
feet. Another stick is pushed through the fore-feet, which are also tied 
together, and the skin is wrung out and dried. When it.is dry, water is 
made lukewarm, and the brains of a deer or any other animal are mixed 
with it. This mixture is spread over the dry skin, which is then wrung 
out once more, and worked with.a stick, to the end of which a stone 
scraper is attached. Now a pit is dug, the bottom of which is filled with 
rotten wood. The latter is ignited, and both sides of the skin are smoked 
over the burning wood for a short time, the skin being stretched over 
the pit. Finally, it is washed in clear water and dried. It is believed 
that the smoking process has the effect of preventing the skin from 
becoming hard after getting wet. The skins of bucks and does are con- 
sidered equally good; they are best in the autumn. 
The Shushwap do not know the art of pottery, and do little, if any, 
carving in wood. Their household goods are made principally ot 
basketry, in which they excel. Basketry of the Shushwap and Ntlakya- 
pamngq is sold extensively to the tribes of southern Vancouver Island. 
Their baskets are made of roots of the white pine. The roots are dyed 
black with an extract of fern root; and red with an extract of alder- 
bark or with oxide of iron. Very beautiful patterns are made in these 
three colours. Baskets are used for storing, carrying, and cooking pro- 
visions. 
The Shushwap make mats of bulrushes, which are strung on threads 
of nettles, in the same way as the Lku’figrn and their neighbours do. 
Mats are also plaited, threads made of nettles being braided across bul- 
rushes. 
Fire was obtained by means of the fire-drill, rotten willow roots being 
used for spunk. In travelling they carried glowing willow roots. 
Canoes are made of cotton-wood, cedar, or in rare instances of bark. 
For working wood stone hammers and wedges were used. In hunting 
expeditions they cross rivers on rafts made of rushes or on logs. In 
‘winter snow-shoes are used on hunting expeditions. There are two 
patterns, one imitating the shape of a bear’s foot. The former consists_ 
of a frame of bent wood, with a cross-bar near its broad end. Thongs 
run from this bar to the front, like the toes of a bear’s foot, and a net- 
work of thongs runs back from the bar, filling the hind part of the 
frame. The balls of the toes rest on the cross-bar. The other pattern 
consists of a long frame of bent wood, the point of which is turned up. 
There are two cross-bars near the centre in front of which the foot rests. 
The front and rear ends are filled with a network of sinews. 
Deer were hunted with the help of dogs. In the autumn, when the 
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