656 REPORT—1890. 
Tne surds and sonants are difficult to distinguish. Sand ts have frequently a slight 
touch of the ¢ and tc, the teeth being kept apart and the articulation being post- 
alveolar. Ispell here ka in preference to ky, as this sound—the anterior linguo- 
palatal sound—is almost always strongly exploded. It is the sound described by 
Mr. Hall as ‘ the croaking of the raven.’ 
All sounds occur as initial sounds. There is a remarkable difference between the 
two dialects regarding initial combinations of consonants. Among approximately 
1200 words of the Kwakiutl dialect I found the following beginning with more than 
one consonant : 
kqsis, trousers. qn, my, but also gen. 
kuqlak’, crow. tskuls, obsidian (?). 
In the Héiltsuk: dialect the following combinations of consonants were found to 
begin words: 
bg ks k-ks kuHk Hm qk mky sq tk tlk 
kkH  knql qt ss tlky 
kp kup qtl sHs tqk tlk 
tqs tla 
k's kHsk* tqtl tlHs 
kt tHt  tlq 
kts tsk’ — tiqlk 
tsq 
tss 
It is of importance to note that these combinations occur rarely, and that they 
evidently originated through elimination of vowels. The following examples, taken 
from{both the Héiltsuk: and Kwakiutl dialects, will prove this fact : 
Héiltsuk-. Kwakiutl. 
to speak (man), dyua'la (=man’s voice). begua'la (ba' kus, men). 
eye, keke. kayaks. 
widower, k:hya' sit. hehyd'sit. 
bark, gk'umn. qa' kum. 
grouse, mhy Els. ma' koals. 
Chinook canoe, sgam. se'gem. 
to jump, touit. tu quit. 
bow, tlhué's. tla' huis. 
old woman, tlhoa'né. tlakod'né. 
All the combinations are such as are likely to originate through elimination of 
vowels. It is remarkable that the combination fs, st, sp, &c., do not occur. 
Sonants do not occur as terminal sounds. W and kx do not terminate words. 
The following combinations are found to terminate words : 
kk mp lks qt 
kk kk ks k-Qt 
qk qs, pqs 
kuk mt 
Ik lk: lq mkH mH Is nt 
sk nk nq nkH ms st, qst 
tsk tsk: qskH msH ns 
ntk tk: tq ts, nts, lts 
tlk: 
GRAMMATICAL NorTEs. 
THE NOUN AND THE ADJECTIVE. . 
The noun has no plural, but a distributive, which is mostly formed by reduplica- $ 
tion, epenthesis, or dizeresis: 
man, begud/num, K. H. a deer, k:a@’méla, H. 
two men malik‘ bugua num, K. a group of deer, k:ak:a'méla, H. 
malo'guis baegua'num, H. a stone, 7’é’sem, K. H. 
a group of men, bébzgua'num, K. H. a heap of stones, 7’é/?asem, K. H. 
