TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION B. 779 
5. On Recent Swedish Investigations on the Gases held in Solution by the 
Sea-water of the Skagerack. By Dr. O. PErrersson. 
6. Joint Discussion with Section A onthe Nature of Solution and its Oon- 
nection with Osmotic Pressure, opened by S. W. PicxErina, F'.R.S., in ao 
Paper on the present Position of the Hydrate Theory of Solution.— See 
Reports, p. 311. 
7. The Molecular Refraction of Substances in Solution. 
By J. H. Guavsronz, Ph.D., F.R.S.—See Reports, p. 322. 
8. On an Apparatus for the Determination of Freezing-points of Solutions. 
By P. J. Harroe, B.Sc., and J. A. Harker. 
Tn order to avoid the inconvenience and wastefulness involved in the use of ice 
and salt freezing mixtures, Raoult proposed to cool solutions by evaporation of a 
volatile liquid, such as carbon bisulphide. The authors have devised a convenient 
form of apparatus for this purpose, which has been rendered suitable not only for 
the exact determination of the freezing-point, but also for use in those cases so fre- 
quent in organic chemistry, where it is desirable that a reaction should take place 
without any considerable rise in temperature. It may also be used for crystallising 
salts, whose solubility diminishes with fall of temperature. 
9. The Sulphur Waters of Yorkshire. By C.H. Botwamusy, F.L.0., F.0.8. 
The sulphur waters of Yorkshire are divided geologically into two groups. 
One set of springs comes to the surface along a great anticlinal in the Yoredale 
beds which runs from Clitheroe, in Lancashire, to a little distance beyond Harro- 
gate, the point at which the springs make their appearance in greatest number and 
volume. The springs of the other group rise in a deposit of river warp and gravel, 
with an overlying layer of peat, running along the base of magnesian limestones 
aon beyond Pontefract to Doncaster; they are found in greatest number at 
skern. 
The Harrogate waters contain a large proportion of solid matter, sometimes 
rising to as much as 14 in 1,000. The greater part is sodium chloride, with mag- 
nesium and calcium chlorides also in considerable quantity; sulphates are absent ; 
lithium, bromine, and iodine are present in small quantities. Perhaps the most 
remarkable fact is the presence of barium chloride in quantity amounting, in some 
cases, to nearly 10 grains in the gallon, or nearly double the amount of the total 
solid matter in the potable water supplied to Leeds. In the strong sulphur waters 
the proportion of hydrogen sulphide amounts to about 80c.c. per litre. The 
waters are almost entirely free from organic matter, rise from comparatively deep- 
seated springs, and have retained their general character for a long period. 
The Askern waters rise from no great depth, and may almost be regarded as 
surface waters. They contain a considerable quantity of dissolved peaty matter ; 
and the proportion of hydrogen sulphide, which is all in the form of dissolved gas, 
reaches 50 c.c. per litre in the stronger springs. The total amount of solid matter 
is much lower than in the Harrogate waters, being about 2 parts in 1,000, 
and is totally different in its character. Chlorides are almost entirely absent, and 
the chief constituents are calcium carbonate and calcium and magnesium sulphates. 
Iodine is present in minute quantity ; but potassium, lithium, bromine, and barium 
could not be detected in 5 litres of the water. This group of waters is still under 
investigation. 
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