TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION C. . 805: 
evidence of having been greatly crushed by the earth-movements in Pre-Cambrian 
times, and in the lines of fracture secondary minerals have been freely deposited. 
That these secondary minerals date back to Pre-Cambrian times is shown by the 
fact that the pebbles of these granitoid rocks in the Cambrian conglomerates con- 
tain all the evidences of the early crush with secondary minerals in the crush-lines, 
in addition to those of subsequent fracture and deformation by pressure after they 
had been entombed in the conglomerates. Some of the felstones in Pre-Cambrian 
times were crushed so that they were formed into felsitic schists, and fragments of 
these schists occur frequently in the Cambrian conglomerates. Various dykes in 
the Pre-Cambrian rocks exhibit indications of having suffered greatly from mecha- 
nical pressure in Pre-Cambrian times, the diahase dykes in the Dimetian being 
frequently cleaved so as to look almost like slates, Fragments of these and of many 
other cleaved and altered rocks occur frequently in the Cambrian conglomerates. 
Tn the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks the evidences of pressure during subsequent 
earth-movements are also abundant, and secondary minerals have been freely 
developed along planes of cleavage and in lines of fracture. The effects on some of 
these rocks near thrust-planes are well exemplified by the remarkably distorted 
condition of some of the fossils. In Tremadoc beds, near St. David’s, an orthis, 
which in its normal condition was about 7 lines in width, was so distorted that it 
measured over 27 lines, and others were still further drawn out so as to be almost 
unrecognisable. 
4, On the Mineral Resources of New South Wales. 
By C. S. Wirxinson, £.G.S. 
In this paper the author described the economic geology of the colony of New 
South Wales. This territory occupies the central portion of eastern Australia, 
and has a frontage to the Pacifie Ocean of 850 miles, with Port Jackson, or 
Sydney Harbour, situated midway along this coast line. It is remarkable that all 
the chief characteristic physica] features of the great island-continent of Australia 
are represented in New South Wales. The Cordillera, or Main Coast Range, 
culminating in Mount Kosciusco, the highest mountain in Australia (7,176 feet), 
and snow-clad during many months of the year, extends through the colony from 
north to south ; the largest Australian river flows through the vast delta-plains and 
almost treeless downs of the western interior; the Cordillera, especially on its 
eastern slopes, is in places clothed with dense forests of the finest timber trees, and 
the coast is indented with several splendid shipping ports. The geological features. 
of the colony embrace nearly all the principal sedimentary and igneous formations 
of the Old World series, from the Silurian upwards; and in these occur, in more 
or less abundance, most of the commercially valuable mineral products :—Coal, 
gold, silver, lead, tin, copper, antimony, iron, manganese, chromite, bismuth, alunite, 
diamonds, marbles, clays, &c, From the Cretaceous formation of the arid downs of the 
western interior fresh artesiam water is obtained by boring. New South Wales, 
therefore, favoured also with a splendid climate, possesses natural resources of 
great significance for the future development of the mining, agricultural, and other 
industries, 
The total value of the minerals raised in New South Wales to the end of 1889 
is 81,598,11342. 
Coat.—The Coal Measures are of Carbonifero-Permian age, and occupy an area 
of about 24,000 square miles. There are three main series :—The Lower Coal 
- Measures, consisting of plant-beds interstratified with beds containing a Car- 
boniferous marine fauna; and the Middle and Upper Coal Measures, consisting also 
of plant-beds. Glossopteris is one of the characteristic fossil plants found in each 
of these series. The aggregate thickness of coal in the seams worked is about. 
130 feet. One seam lately discovered near West Maitland by Mr. T. W. E. 
David, Geological Surveyor, is over 30 feet thick. Coal was first worked in the 
colony in the year 1830, though discovered about 1796. The value of the total. 
quantity raised to the end of 1889 is 22,787,155/., the production for the year 
1889 being 5,655,632 tons, valued at 1,632,848/7. Several seams, up to 5 feet 
