806 REPORT—1890. 
‘thick, of Petrolewm-oil Cannel coal, or ‘ Boghead mineral, occur in the Coal 
Measures. This so-called ‘ Kerosene Shale’ is the richest of the kind found in the 
world, and yields up to 150 gallons of crude oil, or 18,000 cubic feet of gas per 
ton, with an illuminating power equal to over forty candles. 
Go1ip.—Gold has been worked from reefs and the alluvial deposits derived 
therefrom. The reefs occur in the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous strata ; 
also in granite, porphyry, diorite, serpentine, &c. The auriferous alluvial deposits 
resulting from the denudation of these, are found in the Carbonifero-Permian, 
‘Cretaceous, Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent formations. Gold 
with platinum has been obtained in the débris from basalt. Gold was discovered 
in 1851, and the total yield to the end of 1889 is 10,092,355 ounces, valued at 
37,614,8877. Numerous gold-bearing reefs, as yet undeveloped, are known to 
exist. With proper appliances for extracting gold from sulphides, &c., its output 
is likely to largely increase. 
SILVER AND SitvER-LEAD.—The lodes containing these metals chiefly occur in 
the Silurian and Devonian formations and in the igneous rocks (chiefly granites), 
intruding them. The most important lode yet opened is at Broken Hill. It is a 
fissure-lode consisting of gossan with manganese, carbonate of lead, and sulphides 
-of lead, iron, and zinc. The Broken Hill Proprietary Company’s Mine on this lode 
has yielded since May 1885 to July 1890, 17,457,279 ounces of silver from 
385,880 tons of ore treated, besides a laree quantity of lead. The silver lodes 
.at Gunny Corner, Captains Flat and Costigan, contain also a fair quantity of gold. 
There are numerous small lodes to be developed. The value of the silver and 
silver-lead produced in the colony to December 31, 1889, amounted to 4,909,9521. 
Tix.—The ore of this metal has chiefly been worked as stream-tin from the 
Tertiary and Recent alluvial deposits. The Tertiary deep leads, or ancient river- 
beds, as yet unworked, are extensive. Numerous tin-bearing lodes have been 
discovered in the granites of New England and the Barrier Ranges, but they have 
-only been slightly worked. The value of the production of tin and tin ore to 
31st December, 1889, amounted to 8,925,543/, 
CoppEr.—Copper lodes have been opened in various parts of the Colony in the 
Silurian and Devonian formations, and are capable of being further extensively 
worked. At the surface they consist chiefly of gossan containing rich carbonates 
of copper, which pass downwards into sulphides of copper and iron. The value of 
the total production to the end of 1889 is 5,645,0271. 
Antimony.—The principal antimony lodes occur in association with dykes of 
_granite traversing Devonian strata, Stibnite and Cervantite are found occasionally 
in many quartz reefs. At Hillgrove, in New England, and at Razorback, the antimony 
lodes contain payable quantities of gold. In the New England and Macleay 
districts the development of auriferous antimony mines will probably be very 
important. The value of antimony exported to December 31st, 1889, is 73,501/. 
Tron.—Deposits of brown hematite and magnetite occur in numerous localities, 
and, in places, in proximity to coal and limestone. The deposits at Mittagong 
have been estimated to contain, within a radius of five miles, about 2,872,000 tons 
of ore in sight. In the district traversed by the Great Western Railway line the 
deposits of ore are, perhaps, more extensive; and near Stroud and Musclebrook 
-there are beds of rich magnetite, containing, however, some titanium. 
CHromitE, Copatt, Mancanesn, BismurH, axp Mercury.—Ore deposits of 
these minerals have been opened in several parts of the Colony, but only worked 
as yet on a small scale; they deserve greater attention than has hitherto been 
bestowed upon them. 
WoLFRAM, SCHEELITE, and BLENDE occur in several localities in some quantity, 
cand will in the future be probably worked with profit. 
ALUNITE.—A rich deposit of this mineral has been recently opened near Stroud 
for the manufacture of alum. 
Diamonds AND OTHER Gurms.—Upwards of 50,000 diamonds have been 
obtained from the Tertiary and Recent drifts in the Bingera, Cope’s Creek, 
Cudgegong, and Mittagong districts. The largest diamond weighed about 
58 carats. With efficient appliances, the diamond mining industry is likely to 
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