TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 971 
Aniline dyes destroyed their traffic in colours, 
Their condition as farmers, 
2. The Present Aspect of the Jade Question. By F. W. Ruptumr, F.G.S. 
Tt has long been known that implements worked in jade have occasionally been 
found in ancient graves in France and Western Germany, and in certain Neolithic 
stations on the Swiss lakes. Some of these implements are wrought in nephrite, 
or true jade, and others in jadeite. As neither of these minerals had been found 
im situ in Europe, while both were known to occur in Asia, it had been con- 
jectured that the European jade implements must have had an Oriental source, and 
that either the implements themselves, or the raw materials of which they were 
made, had been brought to Europe in prehistoric times. But within the last few 
years Herr Traube, of Breslau, has discovered nephrite in a place near Jordansmiihl, 
and near Reichenstein, in Silesia. Pebbles of nephrite have also been recently 
recorded, by Dr. Berwerth, from the valleys of the Mur and the Sann, two rivers in 
Styria. A pebble believed to be of jadeite was found by M. Damour at Ouchy, 
on the Lake of Geneva, and the same mineral has been recorded from Monte Viso, 
in Piedmont. 
Jade implements are found along the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, 
and it has been suggested that these, or the raw jade, had been obtained from 
Siberia, where the occurrence of nephrite is well known. Dr. G. M. Dawson has, 
however, recorded the discovery of small boulders of jade, partially worked, in 
the lower part of the Frazer River Valley; and Lieut. Stoney has obtained the 
mineral zm situ at the Jade Mountains in Alaska, 150 miles from above the mouth 
of the River Kowak. 
The present aspect of the jade question is, therefore, quite different from that 
which it presented when the late Professor H. Fischer and others strongly favoured 
the view that the jade implements of Europe and America had an exotic origin. 
In both these continents jade has now been found in sitw, and it seems, therefore, 
probable that the material of the implements is indigenous, as maintained by Dr. 
A. B. Meyer for those of the Old World, and by Dr. Dawson, Professor F. W. 
Clarke, Mr. G. F, Kunz, and others, for those of the New World. If future 
discoveries should confirm the indigenous view, the famous jade question will be 
lifted out of the domain of anthropology, 
3. On the Aryan Cradleland. By J. S. Stuart Guennie, 
Introduction.—After sixty years’ discussion of exclusively Asian hypotheses, 
and twenty years’ discussion of Asian and European hypotheses, the question now 
is not so much as to the respective probabilities of an Asian or of a European, as 
to the respective probabilities of a North German or of a South Russian Cradle- 
land; and the author is disposed, on the whole, to consider the South Russian 
Cradleland the more probable, and for the following reasons :— 
First.—Because of the extraordinary correspondence, as lately pointed out by: 
Dr. Schrader, not only between the fiora and fauna indicated by the common 
words of the Aryan languages, and the flora and fauna of the South Russian 
Steppes, but also between the mode and conditions of life indicated by. the 
language, and the mode and conditions of life actually now to be seen on the 
Steppes. 
Seti Because in South Russia, between the 45th and 60th (or 55th) 
parallels of latitude there were the conditions of such a racial intermixture as 
might naturally have given rise to such a new variety of the white race as the 
original Aryan clans. For here, from time immemorial, white Alarodians from 
the south, white Turkomans from the east, and white Finns from the north have 
met and mingled. And here, also, there may have been great environmental 
changes caused by the draining-off of the ancient Eurasian Mediterranean. 
Thirdly.—Because of such indications of hybridity in primitive Aryan speech, 
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