TEHZEEB UL MANTIK. 115 



in this case animal is a species ; for the thing under- 

 stood by animal is not a part of the character, but 

 the whole of the character of horse, goat, and sheep. 

 But if it be a portion of the character* in such a man- 

 ner as not to include the different associates, but to 

 exclude them, then it is a difference, for example, 

 naiitik, speaking ; which is not the whole, but part 

 of the character of man, which they abstract. 



These three are csXled^ zazitiara, inherent or essen- 

 tial. Whatever is not essentially inherent in the cha- 

 racter or nature, is likewise reducible to two kinds ; 

 it is something exclusively appropriated to one object 

 only, or it is not exclusively appropriated to one ob- 

 ject only. If it bcexclusivelyorpeculiarlyappropriated 

 like laughter, which is the peculiar property of man 

 alone, then they call it chaiiseh, a peculiar property 

 or peculiarity. If it be not peculiarly appropriated, 

 such as the colour yellozi' and red, then it is called 

 aurize awn or common accident. 



Sect. IV. Op th^ different species of 

 Definition. 



Let it be remembered, that our object in dis- 

 cussing the subject of ideas was to obtain a know- 

 ledge of the known perceptible, in such a manner or 

 form as might lead to a knowledge of the percepti- 

 ble unknown, and this they call maurif, that is, a 

 defini!ion\ and, therefore, since its cotisutuent parts, 

 which are the five univ'ersal. ideas ^or^ri^J/V^^/^^, have 

 been just now described, '^.dejinltion^ which in reality 

 consists of those, is of course, already explained. 



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