TEHZEEB UL MANTIK. 125 



sitions, and in such a manner, that there necessa- 

 rily arises from this composition another sentence. 

 Know then that having finished our investigation of 

 propositions on the previous knowledge of which all 

 reasoning or demonstration depends, I sliall now con- 

 sider demonstration : — Deinonstration or reasoning 

 is the process of inferring something from the stale 

 of one thir.p- to prove the state of anothtr ; and this 

 is of three kin^ j, \.z. Syllogism, Induction, and Ana- 

 logy. Syilcgism is that in which an inference is 

 drawn from a general rule or class to a subordinate 

 part or individual belcnging to that class; which 

 must of course partake of its general nature or cha- 

 racter. This species of a'-gument affords certainty or 

 truth. Take, for example, " The world i's changea- 

 ble, and every thing liable to change was created ;" 

 thus they obtain the concltision that the world did 

 not exist from eternity, that is, was created. Be it 

 then understood, that two sentences combined, from, 

 the nature of which there necessarily arises a third, 

 constuate what is called Keeau<e or syllogism : and 

 the third sentence thus obtained is called Neteejek, 

 that is, the conclusion. 



The subject and predicate contained in the con- 

 clusion of the syllogism described is called the Mad- 

 deh, that is, the w«//^/- of the conclusion ; and the 

 order in which they are placed constitutes what is 

 called Heiy£f, that is,- the form or figure. If the 

 matter and figure of the conclusion appear in the pre- 

 mises of the syllogism, therv-that syllogism h cniled 

 conditional, because the conditional particle Lt'ikifi 

 must be included in it. Take, for example, "■ when- 

 ever the sun shines day must exist ;" but the sun 

 shines, which giv^es 'the conclusion — "Then day ex- 

 ists," vv'hich is materially and formally contained in 

 the, preceding syllogism. But if the conclusion be 

 not materially and formally expressed in the premises 



