68 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JULY 
external influences —he proposes to cover all cases by the simple special 
term ¢rophy, which he defines as follows: ‘ By zrophzes I understand all one- 
sided accelerations of growth in tissues or organs which depend upon the 
position of the organs concerned ; position being taken in its widest sense as 
indicating the spatial relation of the heterotrophic organ to the horizontal 
. and to its mother shoot.” '5 
As to position with reference to the horizontal, there are to be distin- 
guished epitrophy and hypotrophy; as to position with reference to the 
mother axis, exotrophy and endotrophy. The two latter are fixed by heredity. 
Influences effective by reason of position with reference to the horizontal, 
such as light, gravitation, and unequal wetting by precipitation, lead to 
paratonic trophies, which may be more exactly designated as phototrophy, 
_ §eotrophy and hydrotrophy. 
Wiesner then sums up the final results of his researches on anisophylly, 
which he holds to be evidently the result of combined trophies, in these words: 
“1, Anisophylly, z. ¢., the inequality of the leaves of the shoot in conse- 
quence of position (in the above exactly defined sense) serves, as a rule, to 
make possible to those plants with more abundant foliage a suitable fixed 
light position of the leaves themselves without the twisting of the internodes. 
“2. For attaining this object plants utilize various trophies, either sponta- 
neous (commonly exotrophy), or paratonic (phototrophy, hydrotrophy, probably 
also geotrophy), or both, which is the common method.”—C. R. B. 
IGNAZ FAMILLER has a paper in the current number of Fora (April) 
entitled “ Biogenetic researches upon reduced or metamorphosed sexual 
organs.” A brief extract of some of the important points will be useful, but the 
full paper should be read to appreciate the investigations upon which the 
conclusions are based. Cases in which plant organs have been reduced oF 
transformed to meet changed conditions are by no means rare, and in the 
floral parts these phenomena are quite extensive. The author disregards all 
isolated observations of reduction and transformation, because only chance 
observations are accessible ; and also excludes all diclinous plants, as they 
would need an entire paper for adequate consideration. His application of 
sexual terms to stamens and carpels is certainly reprehensible, but using his 
own phraseology, the main points are as follows: 
Male Organs. 
normal anther, 
development t 
— Viewed from the standpoint of the typical structure of s* 
the rudimentary organ remains permanently in some stage © 
hrough which the normal organ passes. The degree of devel- 
*S“ Ich verstehe unter Trophieen alle an 
oo Geweben oder Organen vorkommende® 
einseitigen Wachsthumsférderungen, 
abha i i 
