70 BOTANICAL GAZETTE , [yuty 
Various examples from Acanthacee, Bignoniacea, Commelinacea, Gesne- 
riacee, Labiate and Scrophulariacee are considered in detail. ; 
Gynecium.—Reductions in the gynecium are not uncommon. Some- 
times there is only a slight trace of it, or the carpels may appear as little 
elevations, the ovary may form and show the beginning of a placenta, the 
ovule may appear but with the embryo-sac-mother-cell and the integument 
formation checked, or the embryo-sac may form but with the integuments 
suppressed, or, finally, the ovule may form normally and may seem capable 
of fertilization, but on account of position or general weakness of development 
may become stunted. 
Several members of the Cafvifoliacee, Valerianacee and Umbellifera 
are considered in detail. Quercus and Tilia proved very difficult, and deci- 
sive results were not obtained. 
Entire Flowers.—The most easily explained case of reduction of the entire 
flower is that in which the upper flowers of a rich inflorescence fail to develop 
because the nutritive materials are taken by the earlier, lower flowers. 
Flowers may become sterile on account of abncrmal enlargement of the 
floral axis as in the garden form of Ce/osia cristata, or through the enlargement 
of the floral envelopes as in Viburnum and Hydrangea. This completes the 
transformations which are caused by an effort on the part of the flower to 
serve other than reproductive purposes, like the attractive apparatus of the 
transformed flowers of Muscari comosum, the reduced flowers of Rhus Cotinus, 
whose pedicels serve as wings for the seed, or, finally, the transformation for 
glands in Sesamum. 
Arum maculatum, Brassica oleracea, Celosia cristata, Hydrangea serrata, 
Muscari comosum, Oncidium heteranthum, Rhus Cotinus, Sesamum orientale, 
and Viburnum Opulus were the forms studied. 
The author's résumé of his entire work is about as follows: : 
1, The reduction or transformation of arrested organs is a standstill 
(stehen bleibe) at different stages of normal development. 
2. In arrested male organs the commonest cases are the following: (a) 
A standstill at a primitive stage with a feeble development of a perianth, OF 
(4) a part of the cell-divisions appears which in the normal organ leads to the 
formation of the anther wall, but the usual archesporium does not procee 
further or divide. 
In female organs, generally, but not always, the embryo-sac is formed 
but integument formation is reduced. If the reduced ovules develop like 
the normal in their entire Structure, they are at least smaller. 
3- In flowers with many stamens and staminodia the transition from one 
to the other is gradual. s 
4. If the reduced male organs form pollen, the pollen grains, though iene 
in number, are still like those of the entirely normal organ, an observatio® 
which agrees with the results of E. Amelung in his work ‘Ueber mittleré 
