1896] BOTANICAL PAPERS AT BUFFALO 233 
great amount of observational work of doubtful value, and has 
made some attempts to produce rainfall characters in leaves 
experimentally. The hitherto recognized rainfall characters are 
as follows: attenuated apices, entire margins, a glossy appear- 
ance of the upper surface, ready adhesion of water to the upper 
surface, deepened furrows above the ribs, pendent positions of the 
lamin, and enlargement of the pulvini. It is to be noted, of 
course, that in no one species do all of the above characters 
appear, and Jungner has been able to induce only the glossy 
appearance, adhesion of the upper surface to water, and the pen- 
dent position of the lamina in a few of the many species tested. 
During the past year I have carried out such a series of 
experiments with Arisema triphyllum, Trillium erectum, and 7. 
recurvatum. In the trilliums the pendent positions of the lamine, 
the glossy appearance of the upper surface, and a reduction of 
the marginal teeth were obtained. In Arisema, the glossy 
appearance, adhesion to water of the upper surface, a marked 
reduction of the truncate marginal teeth, and a deepening of the 
pasos above the ribs were obtained, and, in addition, the 
lamin of ‘this species assumed an upwardly convex form after 
€xposure to rainfall continuously for twelve days. This must 
be considered as a new rainfall character, and is not to be iden- 
wes with the rolling and twisting of leaves grown in a spray of 
cold water. In an attempt to distinguish the characters to which 
the glossy surface was due, it was found that in the normal leaf 
the external ends presented an outwardly papillose extension, 
. velvety appearance. In the rainfall leaves the outer wall 
upper aii wees distinctly flattened. The smoothness of the 
Water, th a8 = doubtless the principal factor in its adhesion to 
the eat it is entirely possible that chemical alterations in 
follows : c pave eeraee. The results may be summarized as 
the upward Les determination of a new rainfall Eee 
Margins - eel of the lamina; (2) alterations in eA 
may be in Sou ey. that the rainfall characters whic 
the individual: oe mentally are not identical, but rest upon 
ity of the species. 
