1896] BOTANICAL PAPERS AT BUFFALO 251 
in the turgor sometimes dominates; but here, too, a considerable 
unused residue is usually encountered. 
A. P. AnpEerson: Supposed pathological condition of a pine 
board—The speaker displayed a board whose appearance was 
supposed to indicate a fungus attack, but explained that the 
appearance was due to the remains of the “short shoots.” 
Emity Grecory: An interview with Schwendener.— The 
speaker described an interview with Schwendener concerning 
the views of Reinke upon the nature of lichens, in which 
Schwendener is reported as saying that Reinke’s views differ in 
No essential respect from his own. 
Joun M. Courter: Cvoss-lertilization and heterospory— Atten- 
tion was called to the danger of confusion in applying the terms 
close-fertilization and cross-fertilization to heterosporous plants. 
Close-fertilization, strictly defined as the fusion of gametes pro- 
duced upon the same individual, cannot occur in heterosporous 
plants. Heterospory necessitates cross-fertilization, and the 
closest possible affinity is that of two gametophytes borne upon 
the same sporophyte. In seed-plants, therefore, we find close- 
pollination and cross-pollination, but only cross-fertilization. 
The significance of the flower, therefore, is not to bring about 
Cross-fertilization, but to render more distant the relationship 
between the two gametophytes concerned. 
E. G. Britton: Zhe mosses of R. S. Williams.— The speaker 
announced that collections of the mosses of the Columbia region 
of northern Montana were being made by R. S. Williams, and 
“Sealy his work to the favorable attention of botanists 
or sale will be ready soon. 
ne A. KELLERMAN: An index card for local herbaria — A 
Ox: was exhibited upon which was printed an outline map of 
10, which could be variously marked to indicate the range. 
