380 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1904. 



In the various sections given the vertical distances are grossly 

 exaggerated, and the rocks piled on top of one another without any 

 evident consideration of their original position; nor is there in the 

 text any indication that the author considered at all the problems 

 relating to original horizontality, uplift, and erosion. The red sand- 

 stone associated with the New Jersey traps (Triassic) he considered as 

 Old Red, but the impressions of fossil lish that had been reported as 

 found therein he regarded as rather from overlying beds— from "one 

 of the upper members of the Coal Measures which lie above it." 

 The Triassic conglomerate of Maryland and Virginia was also inci- 

 dentally referred to the Coal Measures. This seems a little strange 

 when we consider the previous work of his collaborators, Redfield and 

 Hitchcock. 



It is stated in his preface that the work was first undertaken for his 

 own amusement and study, and it is possible that his intluence can not 

 be gauged simply by this one publication." 



In 1843, also, there was published b} 7 By rem Lawrence a geological 



map and descriptive pamph let of the Western States. This was designed 



for popular use, and was claimed to be the first attempt of its kind. 



The "Western States" at that date included nothing 



Lawrence's Geolojrv 



of the western west of the Mississippi Vallev. "The West' 1 he 



States. 



wrote, "has no mountains nor even hills, except such 

 as have been produced by the action of running water * * *. The 

 rocks here have never been broken by violence nor tilted up as in the 

 East, but lie apparently horizontal in the sides of the hills.' 1 The 

 drift he described in some detail, its source recognized and its cause 

 attributed to water and ice. " It is probable there may be some anal- 

 ogy between the whole matter and the icebergs of the present day." 6 

 In 1843, too, the noted Edmund Ruffin, agricultural surve} T or of 

 South Carolina, published a report of the commencement and progress 

 of his survey, in the form of a small volume [of 120 + 55 pages], 



which naturally related largelv to agricultural matters. 



Ruffin and Tuomey's •ii" ■• e .li ■ i j?m 



work in South It contained, however, a list ot the invertebrate fossils 



Carolina, 1843. _ ^, . . , i _c 



ol the State as then known and numerous anatyses or 

 the marls. He noted that nearly the entire country above the lower 



« In the annals of the Lyceum of Natural History for 1867, Mr. R. P. Stevens 

 had a paper read in 1865 on the past and present history of the geology of New York 

 Island. In this, after reviewing the work of H. H. Hayden, Maelure, Akerly, and 

 Cozzens, he gave the results of later observations by himself in the 75 to 100 miles 

 of artificial sections exposed since Cozzens' s time. He showed the island to be a 

 portion of the main land of Westchester County cut off by a profound fault. The 

 rocks enumerated were chiefly gneiss, which he considered metamorphosed Taconic, 

 cut by granite, and interbedded with limestone. 



6 Lawrence is credited in Darton's bibliography of American geology with but two 

 very brief geological papers — on Coal in Arkansas and the Geology of Arkansas — 

 published in New Orleans in 1S51 and 185:;, respectively. 



