CHAPTER VI. 



THE ERA OF STATE SURVEYS, FOURTH DECADE, 1860-1869. 



The period of the civil war might naturally be expected to be a 

 period of uncertainty and inaction in matters relating- to the sciences. 



In all the seceding States work then in progress was brought 

 abruptly to a close, and in several of them — as Missouri, North Caro- 

 lina, and Texas— the records so far lost or ruined through neglect as 

 to make them well-nigh valueless for future reference. Throughout 

 the North the results were comparatively less disastrous, though even 

 there work was in some instances temporarily discontinued, owing to 

 the failure of legislatures to make the necessary appropriations. In 

 four instances, however (Calif ornia, Indiana, Maine, and New Jersey), 

 surveys were established almost in the midst of the threatened disaster. 



With the passing of these years of turmoil, active work was begun 

 once more in States where it had been but temporarily suspended, and 

 in others, new organizations authorized, as in Kansas in 1864, Iowa 

 and North Carolina in 1S66, and Louisiana, Michigan, and Ohio in 

 llS(i9. A futile and ill-considered attempt at a State survey of Nevada 

 was also made in 1866 ((). but, fortunately for the reputation both of 

 the science and the individual, no one was found to undertake the 

 work under the conditions proposed." W. E. Logan continued his 

 work as provincial geologist of Canada, and Murray and Richardson 

 were employed in Newfoundland. 



The literature of the decade was scarcely as voluminous as in either 

 the preceding or the one following. By far the most important, when 

 all is taken into consideration, was the first edition of Dana's Manual 

 of Geology — a work of 798 pages, which at once took its place as the 

 leading authority on all matters pertaining to American Geology — a 

 place which it has continued to hold through all its four editions down 

 to the present. In addition to this may be mentioned Logan's sum- 

 mation of the geology of Canada (1863) and Cooke's New Jersey (1868). 



This was largely an era of new workers, or, at least, new leaders. 

 Eaton was gone; D. D. Owen died at its very beginning; the elder 

 Hitchcock had largely ceased his labors; while the Rogers brothers had 

 both become absorbed in the work of teaching and administration, and 

 no longer took an active part. Dana was undoubtedly the leading 



« The sum of $6,000 is stated to have been appropriated, with the stipulation that 

 the survey be completed in eight months. 



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