544 REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1904. 



Equivalency of the Rocks of Northeastern Ohio, in which lie identified 

 certain rocks as equivalent with the Chemung-, Portage, and Hamilton 

 groups, of New York, on paleontological grounds, whereas in fact 

 every one of the twelve specjes of fossils on which this identification 

 was based was wrongly named, the fossils actually being wholly of 

 Carboniferous age. 



Dr. E. Andrews, who was one of Newbeny's assistants on the Ohio 



geological survey, in the American Journal of Science for 1869, wrote 



on the western bowlder drift, and took the ground that the fresh-water 



submergence which deposited the loess was not a con- 



Andrews's Views on 



the Glacial Drift, tinuatioii of the drift action, but was in that region 

 separated from it by a tranquil period during which 

 the rivers were down within their banks. As a whole, the western 

 drift was, he thought — 



beyond all question a stratified water deposit. A study of the cliffs eroded by the 

 lakes, showing both modified and unmodified drift, has obliged those western geolo- 

 gists most familiar with the sections to abandon the glacial theory and admit that 

 the bowlder drift < >f this region is altogether an aqueous deposit, though the waters 

 floated vast quantities of ice. 



He described the occurrence of bowlders of loose gravel, sometimes 

 3 feet in diameter, in the clay passed through in digging the tunnel 

 under the lake for the Chicago waterworks extension. Such he 

 regarded as masses of frozen gravel dropped from floating ice. With 

 reference to the gravel deposits on the peninsula between Green Bay 

 and Lake Michigan, covering an area of 4,000 square miles, he 

 wrote: 



The stratified character of the gravel * * * is on the whole too evident to 

 admit of any possible doubt. * * * It would seem to be an unavoidable infer- 

 ence that our drift of this region not only came from the north, but it came in a 

 vast sweep of water deep enough to cover gravel hills more than 800 feet high, and 

 with velocity enough to throw such coarse material into lofty steeps and summits. 



Again, concerning the absence of drift on the north slope of the 

 Laurentian hills and the scratched and "pounded" aspect of the 

 region, he wrote: 



We seem, therefore, to have testimony that the drift action for a thousand miles 

 cast and west along the Laurentian crest and to an unknown distance north of it 

 was too violent to admit of drift deposits, even the bowlders being swept off. 



The liner character of the material in northern and central Illinois 

 he thought to be due to the less violent rush of the waters. These 

 waters he imagined to have been drawn off suddenly after the depo- 

 sition of the Orange loam, thus accounting for the absence of beach 

 lines. 



These views are not quite those of Newberry himself, as expressed 

 in a paper before the New York Lyceum in 1870. From facts observed 

 in the basin of the Great Lakes and the Valley of the Mississippi, he 



