592 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1904. 



The lower Tertiary fossils included brackish-water forms, and he 

 thought to trace the "history of the growth of the continent step by 

 step from the purely marine waters of the Cretaceous ocean to the 

 period when the mountain ranges were elevated,' 1 the ocean waters 

 excluded and inclosed lakes formed, at first salt, but gradually fresh- 

 ened by influx from fresh-water streams. He stated further that the 

 elevating forces acted throughout the Tertiary and post-Tertiary pe- 

 riods, and probably continue to act down to the present time. During 

 the Tertiary period there existed at least four and possibly five of these 

 fresh-water lakes in the West, two of which were of great extent. The 

 deposits in these lakes formed the bad lands of the Judith, the great 

 Lignite basin, the Wind River basin, and the White River group. A 

 portion of this last, that in the region of the White River, he regarded 

 as of Miocene age. 



THE U. 8. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS UNDER F. V. 



HAYDEN. 



In the spring of 1867 Hayden, acting under the direction of the 

 General Land Office, and with an appropriation from Congress amount- 

 ing to $5,000, began his work as U. S. geologist in Nebraska, and in 

 so doing laid the foundation for the U. S. Geological 

 N^bras°ka"l 867° in Survey as it exists to-day. Hayden was assisted dur- 

 ing the first year by Dr. C. A. White and F. B. Meek. 

 His first annual report comprised 61 octavo pages, and dealt largely 

 with the possible occurrence of workable beds of coal within the State 

 (decided in the negative); the loess, which he regarded as silt brought 

 down by streams and deposited in a fresh-water lake, and considera- 

 tions relative to the distribution of the Cretaceous and Tertiary depos- 

 its. In 1868 the appropriation of $5,000 was renewed 

 wyom?n" a r 8 d 68. in and the field of work extended into Wyoming. In his 

 report of 102 pages he called attention to the probable 

 Tertiary age of all the coal of both Wyoming and Colorado. In 1869 

 $10,000 was appropriated and the field of work transferred to Colorado 

 and New Mexico, the survey being at the same time placed under the 

 direction of the Secretary of the Interior. His assist- 



Work of Hayden in , _„ 



Colorado and New ants lor this survey were James Stevenson; Henry W . 



Mexico, 1869. „,„. . J _ . . _ . . J - 



Elliott, artist; rersitor r raze r, mining engineer and 

 metallurgist; Cyrus Thomas, .entomologist and botanist; E. C. Car- 

 rington, zoologist, and B. H. Cheever, jr. 



In this report he confirmed the statement made by him in the 

 American Journal of Science for March, 1868 — 



that all the lignite Tertiary beds of the West are but fragments of one great basin, 

 interrupted here and there by the upheaval of mountain chains or concealed by the 

 deposition of newer formations. 



