206 UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO STUDIES 



and space gets the best of it, so that we shall have to make another 

 separation in favor of duration, when inner phenomena are developing 

 and make up the continuous evolution of a free person. Duration 

 thus brought back to its purity will appear as a qualitative multiplicity 

 a heterogeneity of elements that interpenetrate. One party has been 

 led to deny freedom, and the other party to define it, and this leads 

 involuntarily to a denial of free will, because they have not made the 

 necessary foregoing separation. When they ask whether the act could 

 or could not be predicted if all the conditions were given (and whether 

 they assert it or deny it, they assume that all the conditions might 

 ideally be given in advance), they treat duration as homogeneous 

 and intensities as magnitudes. There are two explanations that may 

 be given: either that the act is determined by its conditions, thus 

 using the word causally in a double sense, and giving to duration two 

 forms which are mutually exclusive ; or by appealing to the principle 

 of the conservation of energy the inner world is made equivalent to 

 the external world. Whenever freedom is denied, it is done on the 

 basis of identifying time with space. Experience refutes determinism, 

 and any attempt to define freedom leads the way to determinism. 

 This separation is favorable to science because science cannot fore- 

 cast and measure unless things are assumed to be stable, and not 

 changing and enduring as we are. So the breach comes about natu- 

 rally between quahty and quantity, true duration and pure extensity. 

 But our conscious states have everything to gain by keeping up the 

 illusion of reciprocal externality. They can be objectified and 

 thrown out into society. Hence we see there are two different selves, 

 one of which is the external, spatial, or social representation of the 

 other, which is the inner or fundamental self, reached only by deep 

 introspection. Here we see the inner states as constantly becoming. 

 Most of the interpenetrating; and their succession in duration has 

 Time We Are nothing in common with juxtaposition in space. But 

 Not Free g^j-j^ moments when we really grasp ourselves are very 



rare, and consequently we are rarely free. Most of the time we 

 live outside ourselves and perceive only a colorless ghost of ourselves 



