l8o UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO STUDIES 



the first development of animals, the freedom of movements met with 

 new perils. We find the soft organisms of the vertebrates surrounded 

 by protective armor. Shells, solid sheaths, scales, etc., protect but 

 hinder, and life and consciousness are retarded. Later, however, 

 agility in flight and attack, and the power of choosing advantages in 

 place and time of flight, tend to free the animal of his early impedi- 

 ments. In man, we at last reach "a hand" which is capable of any 

 kind of work. If success means aptitude for development, any and 

 everywhere, and against all obstacles, man is undoubtedly the most 

 successful of the efforts of the life-force. 



Animal life shows a divergence in progress somewhat like that 

 between vegetables and animals. 



The hymenoptera and the vertebrates are very divergent groups 

 each of which reaches a perfection of its own. The ants and bees 

 have followed the line of instinct, while man has developed intellect. 

 These two are not to be regarded as in the same line of evolution. 

 The torpor of the vegetable, the instinct of the ant, and the intelli- 

 gence of man are three separate, distinct and divergent efforts of the 

 elan vital to reach freedom and consciousness. 



Instinct and Intellect Divide 



Instinct and intellect are opposite and complementary. The 

 cultivation of intellect requires an activity contrary to instinct, and yet 

 there is no intelligence in which traces of instinct are not found. Instinct 

 and intellect both aim at producing action on inert matter, but by 

 different methods. Man arrives in evolution when tools arrive. No 

 one doubts for an instant that when we get handmade tools and 

 weapons, we have reached the age of human intelligence. And this 

 common-sense judgment is strictly sound. Animals use artificial 

 instruments occasionally, and often recognize them. But human 

 invention completes itself in manufacturing instruments, and this is 

 the defining mark of human intellect. 



The invention itself is less important than the new desires and 

 enlarged environment the invention creates. 



Now does an animal possess tools and machines ? Yes, but the 



