UTAH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 147. 
men, men of university training. Most of the manufacturers 
of paper are content with men who have been trained in the 
business. 
In the steel industry a great amount is expended an- 
nually on research work. Especially gratifying has been 
the results of the work upon the strength of steel rails. In 
twenty years the locomotive increased its weight over four 
times so that by about 1905 22 per cent of the rails were 
moved the first year, due to depressed heads. The problem 
was given to the research men in the South Chicago Steel 
Works, and, by changing process of manufacture and the 
composition of the steel rail they seem successfully to have 
solved it. The steel rails sent out from this furnace have 
been in operation 4 or 5 years and no bad reports have 
been received. When such things are accomplished, the 
promoters readily see the cash value of the research de- 
partment. 
Probably the largest industrial research laboratory at 
the present time is that conducted by the General Electric 
Company in Schenectady, N. Y., and yet it has only been 
organized fifteen years. In 1901 Dr. N. R. Whitney, Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry in Mass. Inst. of Technology, was en- 
gaged to organize a laboratory of physical and chemical re- 
search. At first he only gave half his time and his labora- 
tory was 50 x 100 feet in one of the older buildings of the 
Company. Inside of a year the laboratory force grew to 
twelve men. In three years (1904) Dr. Whitney gave up 
his teaching and devoted all his time to research and had 
thirty-five assistants. During this year the laboratory was 
moved to new quarters, occupying about forty good re- 
search rooms, all equipped with lathes and laboratory equip- 
ment. The wiring was such that voltages from 0 to 6,600 
volts and currents from 0 to 200 and power up to 150 KW 
could be supplied to any room. There was also a well equip- 
ped store room of chemicals, a machine shop, and a library 
maintained. All scientific journals are kept on file. Dur- 
ing the period when the laboratory was in one room from 
1901 to 1904 research work on electric furnaces and their 
products, organic and inorganic insulating materials, met- 
allurgical operations luminous, was done. 
