UTAH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 199 
AN ESSAY COMPARING SOME MAMMALS AND 
BIRDS OF NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE WITH RE- 
LATED SPECIES NATIVE IN NORTHERN 
UNITED STATES. 
By L. MOTH IVERSEN. 
In drawing a comparison between animals of one con- 
tinent with related species of another, it may not be out 
of the way to include our neighbors (or, if you please, 
servants) of zoologic standing, usually termed our domestic 
animals. Briefly, I would state that dog, horse, ox, sheep, 
hog and cat appear unchanged in character and otherwise, 
even if their treatment and mode of living have under- 
gone changes (more particularly in our Western States). 
This might be said of fowls, ducks, geese, also. In horses, 
for example, you may find just the same individual dif- 
ferences of behavior, etc., as in Europe and that although 
many of them in early life had the freedom of the range 
in the wild and woolly West. 
Passing on to game mammals, the European wolf is 
perhaps a counterpart of our timber-wolf; while coyote 
holds more of a peculiarly fox nature, barring the howling 
voice and gregarious habit. Thus the writer has noticed the 
latter, single, on one occasion, moving for miles in a manner 
distinctly reminding him of a fox on its nightly hunt, stop- 
ping frequently and sniffing the air with nose high. Here 
it may be added that among wolves, as well as bears, 
cases are described where individuals have behaved in a 
quite exceptional manner, as witness: “Le loup de Gevau- 
dan” in the time of Louis XIII. of France—a terror of 
that mountain country—once driven off and defeated by a 
few young children, without firearms, even after having 
seized their baby brother who was saved. (Asa rule, both 
wolf and badger possibly may be regarded a little more in- 
dependent in their ways there than here.) 
Of foxes, I am inclined to think less is seen here. 
Lynxes are usually more retiring in Europe than here. 
Otter, mink and beaver show little difference; ermine none; 
