UTAH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 57 
another twenty minutes. There are numerous other 
phases of range management, such as herding sheep, salt- 
ing cattle and reducing losses from poisonous plants, each 
of which could hardly be covered in one lecture. For 
this reason, I will aim only to tell you what the presence 
of certain plant species on the range mean to the range 
inspector. 
Recent trampling or close cropping are by no means 
the most reliable indicators of the intensity of grazing, 
neither is an eroded condition the -most common result 
of overgrazing, even though it is probably the most seri- 
ous result where it occurs. 
A few of the best indicator species are Sneeze Weed’, 
Nigger Head’, Tar Weed’, Yellow Mustard’, Knot Weed?*, 
Senecio®, . 
The mere presence of these plants alone is not con- 
clusive proof of an overgrazed condition but where any 
of these plants predominate over considerable areas to 
the evident replacement of'more palatable species the 
evidence of overgrazing can be taken as conclusive. 
Then, too, if the area under observation is overgrazed 
palatable shrubs such as Service Berry? and Snow Berry® 
will be found in a stubby condition and in many instances 
only the dead stumps of such shrubs will remain. In 
aspen types where the range is overgrazed there will 
nearly always be a noticeable lack of aspen reproduction. 
The term overgrazing is used here to mean grazing to a 
degree of intensity that will result in reducing the grazing 
capacity of the range. This is usually the result of very 
slow process of too intensive use or too early grazing 
extending over several years. 
(Will then show about 10 lantern slides of inferior 
or poisonous plant species growing on overgrazed areas, 
two or three of eroded areas, two or three of browse and 
\Helenium Hoopesii. 
2Rudbeckia occidentalis. 
3Madia glomerata. 
4Sophia incisa. 
5Polygonum sp3. 
8Senecio sps. 
74melanchier sps. 
8Symphoricarpos Sps. 
