138 UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO STUDIES 



Baldric says refugees were often seen;' Ekkehard of Aurach saw in the 

 Holy Land in iioi copies of appeals by the eastern churches to western 

 Christians.^ To explain Bernold's error, then, we may assume that he 

 heard something about a delegation from the East seeking aid. As it 

 came through, or even from, Constantinople, he hastily concluded that 

 it was an imperial embassy. 



Two chroniclers sometimes cited as confirming Bemold are the 

 Italian called Lupus Protospatarius and the anonymous author of the 

 annals of Jumieges {Annates 'Gemmaticenses). The former records a 

 brilliant display of meteors in April, 1095 and adds : "And afterwards the 

 people of Gaul, yea of all Italy, began to march to the Sepulchre of the 

 Lord with their arms and with a cross on the right shoulder. "^ It requires 

 a number of assumptions to show that this notice has any connection 

 with an appeal at Placentia. The people of Gaul did not start until 

 after the Council of Clermont in November, and probably the author — 

 whose identity and name are unknown — meant nothing more than to 

 associate the meteors with the subsequent crusade thus foreshadowed.-* 



The second notice mentioned above runs as follows: "In the same 

 year [1095] Pope Urban who had held a council in Italy to encourage 

 men to go to Jerusalem, held a second council at Clermont and com- 

 manded Christians to go to Jerusalem with crosses affixed to their gar- 

 ments.' ' 5 This would be a very significant notice if it were contemporary ; 

 but it seems to be of late origin. Of the two manuscripts extant, that of 

 Paris belongs to the fifteenth and that of the Vatican to the eighteenth 

 century. A third manuscript, no longer extant, is said to have been 

 incorporated in Sigebert's Chronicon but the latter does not allude to 



■ Ibid., IV, 12: " Videbamus aliquando cives ipsius Jerusalem inter nos, mendicos et exulos; videbamus 

 indigenes Antiochiae." Observe the imperfect tenses. 



' Hierosolymita (ed. Hagenmeyer), V, c. 2: " Per legationes tamen frequentissimas et epistolas etiam a 

 nobis visas universalem ecclesiam ecclesiae Hierosolymitanae in presidium lugubriter inclamantes." 



3 Chronicon, anno 1095: "De mense Aprilis in nocte quinta feria subito visi sunt igniculi cadere de caelo 

 quasi stellae per totam Apuliam .... Et ex tunc (exterius) coeperunt Galliae populi pergere, immo totius 

 Italiae, ad sepulchrum Domini cum armis ferentes in humero dextro crucis vexillum." 



* Even in our own times the comet of i86i was supposed to portend the Civil War. 



s M. G. SS., XXVI, p! 508 : " Eodera anno Urbanus papa qui prius in Italia concilium tenuerat pro exhor- 

 tatione Yerosolymitani itineris iterum apud Clarum Montem concilium tenuit et constituit, ut Christiani 

 fixis crucibus in vestibus lerusalem pergerent." Cf. also p. 489 and references. Cf. Chron. Casin, in M. G- SS. 

 VII. 765. 



