ANTHROroMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE EGYPTIAN ARJIY. 351 



Height (1) sitting, (2) standing, (3) kneeling ; height above the ground 

 of (4) ear-hole, (5) chin, (6) acromion, (7) elbow, (8) wrist, (9) trochanter, 

 (10) knee, and (11) ankle; maximum (12) breadth and (13) length of 

 head; (14) upper and (15) total length of face; (16) bimalar, (17) bi- 

 zygomatic, (18) biauricular, and (19) bigonial breadth ; (20) width of 

 mouth ; (21) minimum frontal breadth ; (22) external biorbital, (23) 

 external biocular, and (24) internal biocular breadth. Nasal (25) breadth 

 and (26) length ; (27) orbito-nasal and (28) biauricular arcs ; (29) hori- 

 zontal circumference of head ; length of radius from the ear-hole to the 

 (30) vertex, (31) forehead, (32) nose-root, (33) upper incisors, (34) chin, 

 and (35) occiput ; (36) biacromial and (37) bitrochanteric breadth. Cir- 

 cumference of chest during (38) expiration and (39) inspiration ; (40) 

 maximum and (41) minimum circumference of calf ; (42) maximum and 

 (43) minimum circumference of arm ; (44) span of arms. About sixteen 

 of these measurements were made on each individual. In all more than 

 seventeen thousand measurements were collected. 



Dr. Myers took photographs of 176 Egyptian and 31 Soudanese 

 soldiers bare to the waist ; two photographs, one full-face, the other 

 profile, were taken of each individual. Care was taken that the heads 

 should preserve a constant distance from the camera ; in this way he has 

 obtained results which may be of use for composite portraiture. 



The colour of the skin and eyes, the colour and texture of the hair, 

 wei-e always noted. He also made numerous observations on the relative 

 degrees of development of the helix, antihelix, tragus, lobe, etc., of the 

 Egyptian and Soudanese ear. He recorded the general shape of the face, 

 and of the head when viewed from above, from behind, and from the side ; 

 also of the lips, nostrils, nose, and eyes. He has made copies and a few 

 photographs of the tattoo-marks on the arms and foreheadf, of the Egyp- 

 tian soldiers and of the scarifications on the faces of the Soudanese. In 

 each case he has carefully noted the village, district, and tribe to which 

 the individual under examination and his parents belonged. 



In Egypt Dr. Myers examined 27 men whose parents were born in the 

 province of Qaliubia, 22 in that of Sharqia, 120 in that of Daqahlia, 138 

 in that of Gharbia, 118 in that of Menufia, 61 in that of Beheira, 56 in 

 that of Giza, 41 in that of Fayum, 31 in that of Beni-Suef, 42 in that of 

 Minia, 89 in that of Assiut, 103 in that of Girga, 60 in that of Qena, and 

 3 in that of Assuan. These included 44 Copts ; the remainder were 

 Mahommedans. Eight others came from Alexandria. Seventy-seven 

 were of mixed origin, having Soudanese, Bedawi, or Turkish blood, or 

 being the offspring of parents who came from different provinces of 

 Egypt. 



In the Soudan he had the opportunity of measuring soldiers drawn 

 from a very wide region of Africa, extending westwards as far as Bornu 

 and Baia, and southwards to Uganda. The greater number belonged to 

 Kordofan, to Dar-fur, Dar-nuba, or Dar-fertit, or to the Shilluk or 

 Dinka tribes. Many had never known the names of their parents' tribes. 

 Others came from the districts of Bagirmi, Dar-runga, Banda, Bongo, 

 Burun, Berta, or belonged to the Niam-niam, Nuer, Hamegawi, Digawi 

 tribes, &c. A few ' Arabs ' of the Soudan and eastern desert were also 

 measured. 



It remains to be seen how far the photographic, descriptive, and anthro- 

 pometric data thus amassed will prove of use for determining whether 

 definite differences of type exist among the Egyptians from various regions 



