ON THE ETHNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 



441 



thin, skwomo'H. 



this, tE-na, ti. 



those, tE-ni, t'sii-ll. 



thunder, sQo'kqas. 



tobacco, ppo'tlEm. 



to-day, tE na wai'yil = (this day). 



to-morrow, wai'yilis. 



torchlight, skwe'ncen. 



tree, sk'a'it. 



twilight, set-til. 



nglj', kEle'mut (said of persons), 



„ kElkElmut (said ot animals), 

 unkind, HkEla'QEtl. 



village, vacat. 



warrior, Q'skuke'letl. 

 wash (to), tsoq. 

 water, k-a. 

 weak, ke'k-Elam. 



weasel, sElslE'm. 

 west, vacat. 

 wet, tick'. 

 which? kwanE'tsa'' 



rerbatim, a one. 

 wliite, pEk. 

 who ? wet ? 

 whose 7 to wet ? 

 wind, s'pEhe'ls. 

 window, skwatca'stEn. 

 winter, tEm Haiti = (cold season), 

 witch, sewe'n or setiwe'n. 

 wood, sla'tl. 

 woman, sle'ni or tle'nl. 



„ old,cialakwa(sE sle'ni or tle'ni). 



,, married, swilwE kus. 



yellow, lE'Iits. 



j'es, a'a. 



yesterday, tsila'katlitl, 



youth, swe'wolus. 



Arckeeoloffical, 



The archieology of the district, comprising the territories of the 

 Halkome'lEm tribes of the mainland, has already been treated of in part 

 elsewhere.' I shall therefore at this time content myself with a general 

 summary of my investigations over the whole field. These have been 

 carried out at various points at different times during the past ten years, 

 partly at my own desire and partly at the request of the late Dr. G. M. 

 Dawson, Director of the Dom. Geol. Survey, on behalf of the National 

 Museum at Ottawa. 



The archaeological remains found in the Lower Fraser district fall very 

 naturally under two heads — middens and burial mounds or tumuli. In 

 treating of the former it will be convenient to divide them into two 

 classes, the ancient and the more recent. The earlier ones are characterised 

 throughout by their abundant external and internal signs of comparative 

 antiquity, and by certain somatological evidence of the presence of a race 

 here during the time of their formation differing radically in important 

 physical traits from the present Salish tribes, 



As the older middens do not differ materially from each other wherever 

 found except in regard to their extent and mass, I shall confine my 

 description in the main to one very large one on the right bank of the 

 north arm of the Fraser, a few miles up from its present mouth. The 

 evidence of antiquity is, in the case of this midden, clear and unmistakable. 

 First, in the growth upon ii, of an old forest, the trees of which are, in 

 numerous instances, from 4 to 8 feet in diameter, and their annular 

 rings indicate an age of 500 years and upwards. The roots of these 

 trees are embedded in the midden mass itself and have demonstrably 

 grown there since the site was abandoned and given over to nature by its 

 original occupiers. Secondly, in the extensiveness and volume of the 

 midden material which stretches along an ancient bank of the river — 

 which is here some 200 or 300 yards back from the present bank — for 

 upwards of 1,400 feet, covering, to an average depth of about 5 feet and 



' See the writer's notes on 'Later Prehistoric Man in British Columbia,' Trans. 

 Roy. Son. Can., vol. i., sec. ii., 1895-96; and 'The Prehistoric Baces of British 

 Columbia,' Christmas Number of the Mining Record, ■Victoria, B.C., 1899. 



