TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION C. 605 



opportune one for presenting a preliminary statement of views which have already- 

 obtained some currency by annual demonstrations in the iield to scientific societies 

 of the North of England. 



The stratigraphical relations of the Brockrams can be well studied in the 

 almost continuous sections which are exposed between Hoif Beck, two miles west 

 of Appleby, and Brackenber Common, three miles east of the town. The beds 

 dip to north-east at about twenty degrees, and the succession here exposed is as 

 follows : — 



St. Bees Sandstone (Trias) : — 



6. Shales and Sandstones. 

 Hilton Plant Beds. 

 Magnesium Limestones. 



Upper Brockram, interbedded with and overlain by Penrith Sandstone. 

 Penrith Sandstone. 

 Lower Brockram. 

 Carboniferous rocks. 



The Lower Brockram forms a bold escarpment near Iloff Beck, and the nature 

 of its constituents can conveniently be studied in great clean faces of quarries as 

 well as in the natural exposures. In the course of a careful examination of the 

 pebbles it was found that all the pebbles, except some twenty or thirty at most, 

 consisted of Carboniferous limestone or chert, the former well rounded and fre- 

 quently very fossiliferous. Succamina Carteri was found in one. The stones 

 ranged in size up to nearly 1 foot in diameter. 



The few exceptions mentioned above were hematite, sandstone, and ten or 

 twelve small pebbles of vein quartz such as might be found in the Millstone Grit, the 

 Basement Carboniferous conglomerate, or, more remotely, as veins in the Skiddaw 

 Slates. Recurrences of the same bed presenting the same characters as regards 

 the nature and source of the pebbles are seen on the west bank of the Eden below 

 Appleby, on Gallows Hill, and at Hungriggs Quarry, east of Appleby. At the 

 last two localities the pebbles have been very extensively dolomitised subsequently 

 to deposition, for they have in many cases been reduced to a mere shell, 

 usually lined with crystals of dolomite. 



The same aspect of the Lower Brockram is presented in the exposures at 

 Stenkreth (Kirkby Stephen), and to the northward of Hungriggs in several quarries. 

 It can be seen from these facts that for a distance of ten or twelve miles along the 

 strike, and for over two miles on the dip, the character of the pebbles in the 

 Lower Brockram undergoes no change. 



The Penrith Sandstone about Appleby attains to a thickness of prol^ably a 

 thousand feet, but no exact estimate is possible owing to the occurrence of a large 

 number of faults of unknown throw. 



Near its upper boundary numerous intercalations of the Upper Brockram 

 conglomerate occur, especially in the section in Hilton Beck. 



The Upper Brockram in this section consists of a rather friable conglomerate 

 in beds of 1 foot or 2 feet in thickness parted by beds of sandstone from a few 

 inches up to .30 or 40 feet thick. The constituent pebbles are partly of 

 Carboniferous limestone, very soft and much dolomitised, but other elements 

 frequently preponderate : these are well-rounded pebbles of vein quartz, angular 

 pebbles and blocks of quartzite, fragments of conglomerate containing vein quartz 

 in a quartzite matrix, and finally, pebbles of rhyolite. At other exposures to the 

 northward, e.g., at Elakebridge, the same characters recur. 



The source of the different pebbles may now be considered. The limestones 

 are, of course, from the lower part of the Carboniferous series. They present 

 no peculiar features; the pebbles of vein quartz are clearly derived from the 

 numerous quartz veins in the Skiddaw Slate of the Cross Fell inlier, but their 

 thoroughly rounded condition shows that they must have come at an intermediate 

 stage through some prse-Permian conglomerate. This conclusion is confirmed by 

 the occurrence of fragments of conglomerate containing such pebbles, which is 



