C12 REPORT— 1902. 



by raised beaclies. Thus, at Lame, 20 feet of stratified gravels, containing 

 marine shells and neolithic implements throughout, replace the Thracia clay, and 

 serve to date it. The fauna of the Thracia clay has a distinctly southern aspect 

 when compared with the present fauna. 



As regards oscillations of level, the peat proves a level higher than the present 

 in certain places by at least 30 feet. Subsidence, irregular both as regards rate 

 and area affected, superseded to the extent of 50 to 80 feet ; the final elevation, 

 which brought about the existing state of things, amounted to 30 or 40 feet. 



As regards climate, the northern fauna of the Glacial period appears to have 

 passed away by the time the peat was formed. Southern species immigrated till 

 the molluscan fauna acquired a distinctly southern character in the upper blue clay ; 

 then the seas became again colder, and the present local molluscan fauna has a 

 distinctly northern aspect. 



TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 16. 

 The following Reports and Papers were read : — 



1. Report on the Movements of Underground Waters of N. W. Yorkshire. 



See Reports, p. 224, 



2. Report on the Collection and Preservation of Photographs q/ 

 Geological Interest. — See Reports, p. 229. 



3. On the Valleys at the Head of the Hardanger Fjord, Norway. 

 By Horace Woollaston Monckton, F.L.S., F.G.S. 



Above the head of the Hardanger Fjord there is a great moorland with a 

 level of over 2,000 feet. It is an old land-surface of at least pre-Glacial date, 

 with rounded hills and wide shallow valleys. 



The plateau upon which the snowfield Hardanger Jokul lies and a few 

 mountain tops attain a still higher level, and may, as suggested by Dr. Reusch, 

 be remains of a far older land-surface. 



In the moorland deep narrow valleys have been cut, probably the result of 

 a rise of the land before or at an early part of the Glacial period. It is suggested 

 that the hollow in which the Hardanger Fjord lies may have been excavated at 

 the time of this elevation. 



The author traces the course of the River Bjoreia, across the pre-Glacial sur- 

 face to the Voringfos (waterfall), where it plunges into the deep narrow valley 

 Maabodal. He agrees with Dr. Reusch that the precise direction of this valley 

 is due to lines of weakness, or cracks in the rock, and that the valley is not a 

 fissure valley, but has been excavated by water assisted by ice. 



The author was struck by the resemblance of the head of the valley at the 

 Voringfos to a giant's chaldron, and suggests that much of the excavating may 

 have been the work of sub-Glacial streams when ice covered the surface. 



The Maabovand, a talus-dammed lake, is described. Below it the river enters 

 the side of a wide section of the valley, and possibly the head of the valley was at 

 one time at this point. 



A little below Tveit there appears once to have been a small lake formed by 

 moraine. 



At Sffibii the valley unites with Hjselmodal, and some interesting terraces are 

 described. 



Below is the lake Eidfjordsvand, formed by a great moraine. Dr. Brogger 

 has shown that during the early part of the Ice age the land stood much higher 



