762 REPORT— 1902. 



4. Note on some Measurements of Eskimo of Southampton Island. 

 By J. F. Tocher, F.I.C. 



5. Report on the Pigmentation Survey of the School Children 

 of Scotland. — See Reports, p. 352. 



6. On the Mental and Moral Characteristics of tlie People of Ulster. 

 By William Graham, M.D. 



By the term * Ulsterman ' is here meant not any or every inhabitant of Ulster, 

 but only that element in the population which derives its descent from the Scotch 

 and English colonists of the Plantation under James I. Ulster in this narrow 

 sense really means little more than the counties of Derry, Antrim, Down, and 

 Armagh. The main elements which have gone to the making of the Ulsterman 

 are as follows: — (1) The foundation is lowland Scotch. In parts of Antrim there 

 may be seen the descendants of a still earlier emigration into the country from the 

 Celtic Western Isles of Scotland ; but this element is small, and may be dis- 

 regarded. The colonists from Dumfries and Ayrshire were the really determining 

 factors in the creation of the modern Ulsterman. (2) A very considerable 

 English leaven which coalesced with the Scotch settlers ; this element is especially 

 to be noted in counties Armagh and P'ermanagh. (3) An infusion of French 

 blood, due to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, for it was under Louis 

 Crommellin, the Huguenot leader, that the linen industry was established, which 

 has lain at the root of Ulster prosperity. Here we may find the source of a certain 

 vivacity which distinguishes the Ulsterman from the lowland Scot. 



Two qualities the Ulsterman owes to his Scotch blood : (a) his self-reliance 

 and independence, liable at times to degenerate into rudeness ; (6) his ultra- 

 religiousness. He is in creed a Calvinist of the most uncompromising type. He 

 differs, however, from the Scot in other points : (1) he is not so ' dour,' he is 

 more genial and human ; (2) he is not particularly clannish, and owing to his 

 history as a settler in a strange land he has assumed a certain cosmopolitan tinge ; 

 (3) he is more adaptable than the lowland Scot ; he takes on the culture, and 

 accommodates himself at once to the customs, of another country. 



Again, he is to be distinguished from the Celtic Irish as follows : — (a) In 

 modes of speech and habits of thought. There are many provincialisms peculiar 

 to Ulster. A few may be given : ' carnaptious ' = ill-tempered ; ' dunt ' = blow ; 

 ' dunsh ' = push ; ' spuds ' = potatoes ; ' wheen ' = a quantity ; ' girn ' = grin ; 

 and ' oxther ' <= armpit. (6) The Celt is a poetic and unpractical person ; the 

 Ulsterman is nothing if not utilitarian. He cares nothing for the aesthetic. 

 Solid comfort, plain practical ends, are what he aims at. (c) The Celt is 

 loyal to persons — leaders in Church and State ; the Ulsterman is loyal to 

 institutions, {d) The Celt is an aristocrat in disposition ; the Ulsterman, what- 

 ever may be his theory, is in practice a democrat. Hence (e) the Celt has 

 grace, pliancy, and inborn susceptibility to beauty and refinement ; while the 

 Ulsterman is hard, self-assertive, and somewhat rude. (/) The Celt has humour ; 

 the Ulsterman has wit. Humour is fantastic, governed by no law save the way- 

 wardness of fancy ; wit in Ulster is sharp, biting, cynical, with strong affinities to 

 the type prevailing in Scotland. The form of humorous speech known as * bulls ' 

 is unknown in Ulster, {g) The Celt is a sportsman, and takes his pleasures gaily ; 

 the Ulsterman cares nothing for hunting, racing, the fine arts, opera, or the dance. 

 The latter, as has been said, is thoroughly utilitarian. He eschews amusements, 

 and gives himself wholly to work. 



There is a form of insanity which in Ireland is peculiar to Ulster — that arising 

 from religious causes. At intervals epidemics of this form of brain disorder have 

 swept through the country, notably in 1859. Tables are appended to this Abstract 



