OBSERVATIONS ON CHANGES IN SEA COAST OF UNITED KINGDOM. 279 



Near Bar of Lough, between Bentley Cottage and Ballinadressoge 

 (Curracloe), and between Rosslare Fort, in Wexford Bay, and Ballygeary, 

 loss of land by gales and landslips is frequent. The battery wall of the 

 R.N.R. drill ground (Rosslare) is now 12 yards 'seaward of the land,' a 

 result produced in thirty years. Northerly and north-easterly gales and 

 heavy rains are active agents of destruction. Near the railway pier 

 (Ballygeary C.G.S.) small quantities of gravel are removed for filling in 

 the sleepers. This coast is either low and sandy or formed by ' marl cliffs ' 

 averaging some 60 feet in height. 



Round Carnsore Point, as far west as Takumshin, the cliffs are com- 

 posed locally of a 'yellow clay,' and in these places the coast loses 

 considerably. No artificial causes stay encroachment, and small quantities 

 of shingle and sand are removed. 



Between Takumshin Bar and Kilmore C.G.S. high tides and gales of 

 wind break away the low sand and clay cliff to an extent estimated during 

 the last fifty years at between 2 and 3 yards per annum. The older 

 inhabitants of the district remember houses standing on sites now covered 

 by the sea. For about 500 yards east of Kilmore the harbour works 

 retard the waste of cliff during the prevailing winds. To the eastward 

 farmers remove the sand in small quantities. 



At Morris Castle about 28 yards of land have been washed away since 

 1862. The cliffs, about 50 feet in height, are composed of sands and 

 mai-ls, and the sand and shingle of the beach is removed. 



From the eastern side of Bannow Bay, as far as and along the eastern 

 side of Waterford Harbour, the coast loses ground locally. From Fethard 

 C.G.S. losses are reported at Wood, between Baginbun and Carnivan, and 

 also between Loftus Hall and Harry Lock ; and from Arthurstown C.G.S. 

 landslips occur in the vicinity of Booley Bay. 



No alterations are taking place between the western side of Water- 

 ford Harbour and Mine Head, south of Dungarvan Harbour, except at 

 Tramore, where the sea encroaches on the strand to the south-east of the 

 station through unusually high tides and winter gales. Unfortunately a 

 large amount of shingle is taken away. 



The Waterford coast south-west of Mine Head, i.e. in Ardmore, 

 Yougbal, and Ballycottin Bays, is undergoing erosion. A few groynes 

 have been placed to break the force of the waves against the sea-wall at 

 Ardmore village, but otherwise Ardmore and Whiting Bays are unpro- 

 tected, and a considerable amount of sand is removed. At ' Claycastle ' 

 and a mile to the westward (west of Ferry Point, Youghal) the sea in 

 February 1899 made a breach about 50 yards wide in the foreshore, and 

 the loss on Garryvoe Strand (Ballycottin Bay) is said to be a third 

 of a mile in forty yeais. Reports stating loss of land come from the 

 coastguard stations at Knockadown, East Ferry, Ballycrenane, and Poor 

 [? Power] Head. Groynes have been built to the west of Youghal, but 

 along the remainder of the coast line defences are absent. The nature 

 of the shore varies greatly : it is formed by precipitous cliffs near Knock- 

 adown, but of lower cliff's of variable height and texture to the westward, 

 rising again at Poor Head. Near the latter C.G.S. and that of Ballycrenane 

 beach material is removed in small quantities, as well as from Ardmore 

 and Youghal. 



Neither side of Cork Harbour is apparently suffering erosion, nor is 

 the coast as far westward as Ringabella Bay, but at Robert's Cove and 

 Rocky Bay the losses within the last five years have been respectively 



