320 REPORT — 1903. 



1. The same amount of time may be worked outside the factory. 



2. The number of employees or quantity of machinery working ordinary 

 time may be increased either occasionally or permanently. 



3. Employees not affected by the regulations may work overtime at 

 work usually done by protected persons. 



4. The order may be given to other firms or workers (a) at home, less 

 busy ; (13) at home, less regulated ; or (y) abroad. 



5. Work may be equalised through the week, month, or year (a) by 

 the employees giving up the habit of holiday-making at the beginning of 

 the week, (/3) by pressure being put on customers to place orders earlier, 

 (y) l^y working to stock, (8) by careful management. 



6. Machinery may be invented to do the work. 



7. The same employees may produce the same output in the shorter 

 time. 



8. The work may be left undone. 



A great part of the above analysis applies to diminution of normal 

 time, but this has less important effects in this connection than overtime, 

 and is dealt with under other headings. 



We have among our information instances of every case except 8 ; 

 but evidence for 4 (a) and (y) is unreliable. 



8 and 6 will be dealt with below in Section IV., and 7 in Section V. 



1. In some cases work is given to out-workers not employed in the 

 workshop (London Printing, in Factory Cotamission, 1876) ; some folding 

 was done thus in 1899 {Printing and Bookbinding) ; out-work increased 

 in the Stockport clothing trade by the 1895 reduction.^ In other cases 

 work is given to employees to take home nominally to their relations 

 {London, ready-made clothing),^ to employees to do themselves after 

 hours (illegally) {Sheffield, electroplate ; ready-made clothing in various 

 places). 



2. Extra workers (frequently married women formerly employed) may 

 be called in. 



This is frequent in printing and kindred trades, in London and 

 Nottingham at any rate, where job-hands are called in on emergency, 

 sometimes regularly month by month. To those who have home duties 

 which prevent them from taking continuous work, this occasional employ- 

 ment, practically called into existence by the Acts {Printing and Book- 

 binding), is attractive. The expense of setting up extra machinery only 

 to be used occasionally is wasteful, and the additional rent for the space 

 necessitated for this or for extra hands involved is an important con- 

 sideration in the large towns where the pressure most frequently occurs 

 {Liverpool, confectionery). It is easily seen that an indirect effect of 

 limiting hours is, through the pressure of rent, to drive firms from 

 crowded into less congested districts. 



If the number permanently engaged were increased, more might be 

 brought into the industry than can get sufiicient employment (watch- 

 making, near Tjiverjmol ; Dundee, bookbinding).^ 



In some cases workers go from trade to trade in their successive 

 seasons, in others they work only at the busy season ; in the case of fish- 



' Factory Inspector's Report, 189P, p. 38. ^ Ihil., 1901, p. 14'. 



> Ibid., 189G, pp. 39. 



