;28 



KEroRT — 1903. 



return to the old system. Some may think the present restriction upon 

 hours of work niiglit be somewhat loosened, but those who prophesied the 

 dismissal of young persons from their occupation and the substitution of 

 male adult labour acknowledge that they were mistaken, and are loud in 

 the acknowledgment of the advantage to themselves, as well as to their 

 employees, of moderate hours of work.' 



If, as appears to be generally the case, the same amount of work is 

 done in the restricted hours, one or more of the following alterations must 

 occur : the hours may be the same in total, though differently arranged 

 (for instances, see above) ; work in the shorter time may be more efficient, 

 either through the help of machinery, or employment of more skilled or 

 quicker workers, or because the better conditions cause better work (ancV 

 it is generally admitted that overtime work is relatively unproductive in 

 itself and often spoils work on the following day) ; or more workers may 

 be employed. This leads us to the next headings. 



{d) The Demand/or Women Workers, and (c) Changes in Age 

 of Women employed. 



To what extent, if any, the older hands are penalised by higher 

 pressure in shorter hours, and to what extent the total number employed 

 is altered, cannot be answered satisfactorily in individual cases. Some 

 light is thrown on these questions, however, by the general statistics of 

 employment. 



The following table is based on Miss Collet's paper, published in the 

 'Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,' June 1898, brought up to date 

 from the census for 1901. The information tabulated in previous census; 

 reports does not allow of further subdivision, but for the present purpose 

 we chiefly need to look at the figures en masse, because we are concerned 

 with the net result of the causes which determine the number employed. 

 Further analysis, even if practicable, would need to be carried to a length 

 too great for this report. 



A discussion of the figures up to 1891 and a general criticism of their 

 accuracy and value is to be found in Miss Collet's paper. 



Xumher of Fmicc'es, azcordiiu/ to the Census Reports, engaged in Occujattons 

 for gain. {England and Wales.) 



f. All ahnre 10 i/ears of a{;e, occnpied per 1,000 lirin/j above 10 years of age. 



ii. From 10 to 15 ,, ,, ,, ,, from 10 to 15 years of age. 



iii. „ 15 to 2.5 ., ., „ „ „ 15 to 25 



IV. „ 25 to 45 „ „ „ „ „ 25 to 45 



V. „ 45 to (Jo ,, ,, „ ,. ,, 45 to 65 ,, 



vi. Above 65 „ ., ,, „ above 65 „ 



I'crions returned as 'retired' were included in 1S71. but not subsequently. 



