TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 719 



and the outlines of geomorphology, is a great assistance. Two methods of survey- 

 ing are then described in outline, viz. (1) the extension of the triangulation by 

 theodolite angles and the fixing of fresb points from those whose positions have 

 been previously determined, or by latitudes and azimuths, detail being filled in 

 with the plane-table ; and (2) that in which no previously fixed points are avail- 

 able, and the surveyor has to determine the latitude and longitude of his stations 

 from astronomical observations. The former should always he adopted where 

 practicable. The most reliable methods, suitable for an ordinary geographical 

 surveyor, by which the latter can be accomplished, are described, "first as regards 

 the fixing of latitude, and then of longitude. In connection with the fixing of 

 longitude it is pointed out that it has been found practically impossible for a 

 traveller to carry a watch or chronometer that can keep its rate sufficiently well 

 for the determining of longitude with the accuracy that is now required, and 

 recommends, where it is impossible to obtain Greenwich time without relying 

 implicitly upon a watch — such as by telegraph or reference to some place of which 

 the exact longitude is known — that diflerences of longitude only should be 

 attempted, either by latitudes and azimuths or by using the watch for the 

 meridian distance method. As regards the so-called ' absolute methods ' of 

 obtaining longitude, that by occultations of fixed stars is to be preferred. A few 

 remarks follow on photographic surveying, and the necessity of the surveyor beino' 

 able to draw his own map instead of merely furnishing the draughtsman at home 

 with a rough and to a great extent unintelligible sketch, which is often the case. 



In conclusion the author lays stress on the importance of travellers obtaining 

 proper training in geographical surveying before starting on their journeys. He 

 afterwards mentions that he has brought with him for inspection specimens of 

 recent surveys of travellers, including a sample of the work done by one of his 

 pupils for his examination for the Royal Geographical Society's diploma. He 

 also exhibits a new form of clamp and tangent screw for sextant and other angular 

 measuring instruments. 



2. On Map Projections suited to general purposes. By G. J. Morrison. 



.3. Henricus Glareanus {Sixteenth-century Geographer) and his recently 

 discovered Maps} By Edward Heawood, M.A. 



Heinrich Loriti, one of the most celebrated of the 'humanists' of the sixteenth 

 century, better known by his ten-itorial designation, Glareanus, was born in 1488 

 at Mollis, near Glarus in Switzerland. His title to fame rests principally on 

 his many-sided contributions to knowledge in the field of literature, philology, 

 mathematics, music, &c. ; but he is known also as the writer of a work on geo- 

 graphy which passed through many editions from 1527 onwards. In this he 

 described, for the first time, so far as is known, a convenient method of constructing 

 gores for a globe, which was much used in his time, though as examples of such 

 gores are known from considerably earlier than 1527, some doubt has been 

 expressed whether he was the actual inventor of the method. Coloured manuscript 

 maps from his hand have within recent years been discovered in copies of printed 

 works at the libraries of Munich and Bonn Universities, and have attracted some 

 attention from the fact that they were, according to their author's statement, 

 based upon the long-lost map of Martin VVaidseemiiller, which has itself been 

 discovered since. One _ of the maps was also interesting as the earliest known 

 representation of a hemisphere on an equidistant polar projection. 



At the time of the Elizabethan Exhibition, organised by the R.G.S. early in 

 1903, a volume of early MSS. was sent in which at once attracted attention 

 from the fact that the first item, though without a contemporary statement of the 

 author's name, was stated in a note by a former owner to be by Henricus Glarea- 

 nus. Further inspection showed that the handwriting was identical with that 



' Will be printed in extenso in the Geographical Joiwnal. 



