TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION F. 743 



ture being about double wbat it was, with an increase of less than one-fourth in 

 the population— we must look for further outlay in this direction as the wealth 

 of the population increases. The increase of expenditure, it is to be feared, has 

 not been accompanied by an equal increase of accommodation, hems due in part to 

 a rise in the monopoly value of town and suburban areas and an increase in the 

 cost of building, 



A third point raised is the adequacy of the amount spent on army and navy 

 services, included under the heading of ' national services.' While the sum spent 

 for civil government (excluding education), though large— about 114 millions— is 

 allowed to be iu all probability legitimate for the most part, being for such 

 purposes as post-office, law and order, sanitation, and the like, and a sign rather 

 of the advanced condition of the people, it is suggested (1 ) that the sum of seventy 

 millions for army and navy may be insufficient, and (2) that the amount of the 

 proper expenditure for these purposes is not really a matter for choice, but one that 

 must be decided absolutely by expert opinion. The burden of seventy millions la 

 about 4 per cent, only of the aggregate income of the people of the United Kingdom, 

 and 0-47 per cent, of their wealth. When the empire is surveyed as a whole it 

 is feared that the only sensible addition made to the above outlay for defence is by 

 India, which spends eighteen millions out of its poverty, the remainder of the 

 empire not spending five millions altogether. How to organise properly the defence 

 of the empire as a whole is a question that does not seem to have been taken rightly 

 in hand by our authorities, who insist too much on money contributions from the 

 diflerent parts of the empire to a distant centre, instead of addressing themselves 

 to the development of local resources. 



The last point raised is as to the sufficiency of the expenditure on education — 

 about thirty millions only in the United Kingdom, including imperceptible amounts 

 for scientific investigation, while in the rest of the empire the amounts are also 

 small, the Government expenditure in India, for instance, being about two millions 

 only. The United Kingdom ought to be spending 100 millions where it now 

 spends thirty. Such sums are not really extravagant. Extensive diffusion of edu- 

 cation and scientific knowledge and training are not only essential to the greater 

 efficiency of labour and capital by which the means of living are provided, but 

 they are equally needed for the conduct of life itself, for the health and comfort 

 of the workers, their freedom from debasing superstitions and prejudices, their 

 capacity to enjoy the higher pleasures, and their ability to manage all common 

 affairs. The funds to meet such increased expenditure will be provided easily 

 enough by the greater energy and efficiency of labour which education will 

 develop, and by the abandonment to some extent of the present national ideas 

 respecting play. India and the like parts of the empire should also receive a 

 corresponding development. Education is the watchword, and should be the first 

 thought in our minds. 



Finally a suggestion is made that the investigations of the Committee of 1881 

 as to the actual objects of expenditure should be resumed and continued. 



Report of the Committee on the Economic Effect of Legislation 

 regulating Woman's Labour. — See Reports, p. 315. 



.3. On the Eating of Land Values. By J. D. Chorlton. 



The amount of local rates and also the rate in the pound have rapidly increased in 

 recent years owing to the growth of population and the development of urban 

 communities. At the same time, and for the same reasons, the value of land in 

 towns and urban districts has very largely increased, and in some cases has been 

 multiplied many times over. Hence the proposal to rate land values. 



The minority of the recent Koyal Commission on Local Taxatioa recommended 

 the addition of a site-value rate to our present system of rating. The result will 

 be the creation of a graduated system of rating, properties on more valpable sites 



