TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION F. 747 



stipulated ' Garden City ' regulations. It is suggested that this method will con- 

 fer all the advantages claimed for ' Garden Cities ' with satisfactory economic 

 results. The rent-charge, even in respect of the most outlying land, would 

 reasonably be not less than double the agricultural rental, while for building sites 

 the rent-charge would be many times larger. The increased value secured by this 

 greater rental without risk might then soon justify expenditure of capital on 

 various town developments and improvements. 



3. Pkysical Degeneration and the Poverty Line. 

 By Mrs. H. Bosanquet. 



The interest which has been aroused in the physical condition of the 

 people has given rise to alarming statements as to the extent and cause of physical 

 degeneration. It is popularly assumed that one-third of the population is too poor 

 to maintain itself in physical efficiency, and it is supposed that this assumption is 

 justified by the investigations of Mr. Booth and Mr. Rowntree. 



An examination of their work, however, shows that their results apply only to 

 London and York, and that, prima facie, there is a great discrepancy between 

 their figures. This may be set out as follows : — 



Mr. Booth : People with incomes at the rate of 21s. or less for a moderate 

 family, 30 per cent, of the population. 



Mr. Rowntree : People with incomes at the rate of 21s. Bd. or less for a 

 moderate family, 9"91 of the population. 



It appears, further, that Mr. Rowntree brings up his numbers classed below the 

 poverty line to 27-84 per cent, by adding 17-93 per cent, who are living in appa- 

 rent poverty, although their incomes are sufficient to raise them above it. It 

 seems probable that Mr. Booth's 30 per cent, also includes a large majority whose 

 condition is not due to want of money. 



With reference to physical degeneration the evidence from recruiting statistics 

 is hardly enough to prove degeneration from any standard previously attained 

 considering the abnormal circumstances under which recruiting has recently been 

 carried on, while much of the evidence before the Scottish Commission goes to 

 show a decided improvement. Nevertheless many children never attain their 

 proper development, and are greatly in want of better care and feeding. These are 

 mainly the children living in secondary {i.e. apparent) poverty whose parents 

 have the means to nurture them properly, but are too ignorant or too careless to 

 do so. The evil, being not mainly due lo poverty, cannot be met by subsidising 

 the parents' earnings ; nor would school feeding, whether free or paid for, be 

 sufficient to meet all the needs of the children. They can only be met ultimately 

 by educating women to a more adequate fulfilment of their duties as wives and 

 mothers, and meanwhile by dealing with neglected children individually. 



4. A Comparison of Exports to the United States, Eitropean Protective 

 States, and our Colonies. By B. Ellingek. 



This paper is an endeavour to answer the following questions put by Mr. 

 (chamberlain at a recent meeting of the Constitutional Club: — 



Is it a fact that the exports of our manufactured goods to our Colonies already 

 exceed the total exports of our manufactured goods to the protected States of 

 Europe and the United States ? In the second place is it a fact that our exports 

 to those protected countries are continually and of recent years rapidly decreasing 

 in quantity, deteriorating in their profitable character ? 



In order to make comparisons I have divided the last twenty years^ into 

 periods of five years, and taken the average annual export over each such period. 

 I hp,ve excluded Turkey and Jlollapd as not being protected States, and I haye 



