TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 815 



probably most completely master of the soil in the Hirpine district, and most 

 mingled with others in Umbrin,, at that epoch or later. 



Now it is clear that this suffix was the one natural to the Romans, who used 

 it not merely in their own names {Roniani, Latini, &c.), but also to form names, 

 after the Roman fashion, for the peoples they conquered in Italy or abroad : the 

 NfaTToXmu became NeapoHtani, the ^napnarai became Spartani, and so on. But 

 this suffix was not used by Romans only ; the Campanians of Nola called them- 

 selves Novlanos, and in fact the suffix, as we have seen in the case of the Hirpini, 

 was spread over the whole area in which the dialect called Oscan was spoken, as 

 well as being common in the Latinian districts. 



iii. The suffix -(A)TI- is enormously more frequent in the -CO- districts 

 than elsewhere, though not entirely confined to them. In Umbria it forms nearly 

 60 per cent, of the known ethnica, and here it has been superimposed upon -NO-, 

 the I(/nvini becoming later on Iguvinates, &c. It seems to mark the -CO- people 

 at a later epoch. 



Combining these data with further linguistic evidence, with that of tradition 

 and of archaeological excavations, we can demonstrate — 



i. That the -00- folk inhabited Central Italy before the invasion of the 

 (Asiatic) Etruscans and became their subject-allies. There is evidence that they 

 were ignorant of iron, buried their dead, and differed in other ways from the 

 -NO-folk, e.g. by counting kinship through the mother (Professor Ridgeway). 



ii. That the -NO- folk were descending into Italy from the Alps {Val Sabbia) 

 when their progress was interrupted by the Etruscans, who with their subjects 

 cut off the Romani and Sabini from the Iguvini, who remained in the upper 

 Tiber valley. From the Sabines sprang the Samnites at a later date. It seems 

 certain that these people brought iron into Italy and buried the dead, and probable 

 that they formed the patrician class at Rome. 



Especial interest attaches to this distinction of two strata in the early Indo- 

 European population of Italy because the oldest and most striking linguistic 

 change which marks oft' the -CO- folk seems to be that of Q to P (Volscian jm 

 = Latin quis ^). Now this same change, as is well known, separates the later from 

 the earlier Keltic dialects of the British Isles, Goidelic, i.e. Gaelic and Irish, 

 having kept the original guttural, for which Brythonic, i.e. Welsh, Breton, &c., 

 substituted P (Scotch Mac = Welsh [_M'\Ap). The Keltic languages are the next 

 congeners to Italic, and the dates to which archfeologists ascribe the two Keltic 

 invasions of Britain are not remote from that at which the Samnites overran 

 Southern Italy. Were the movements the result of some one cause in Central 

 Europe ? 



7. The Origin of Jewellery .'- By Professor W. Ridgem'ay. 



Personal ornaments iu civilised countries consist of precious metals, stones, or 

 imitations of stones, pearls (which are the product of shells), or shells themselves, 

 amber, jet, and occasionally various other objects, such as tigers' claws, &c. It 

 has hitherto been held that men and women were led by purely aesthetic con- 

 siderations to adorn themselves with such objects ; but a little research into the 

 history of such ornaments leads to a very different conclusion. The fact is that man - 

 kind was led to wear such objects by magic rather than by sesthetic considerations. 

 The jewellery of primitive peoples consists of small stones with natural perforations, 

 e.i^., silicified sponges or joints of coniferse, or of substances easily perforated, such as 

 amber, the seeds of plants, shells, the teeth and claws of animals, bones, or pieces 

 of bone, and pieces of wood of peculiar kinds. Later on they learn to bore hard 

 stones, such as rock crystal, hematite, agate, garnet, &c., and obtain the metals. 



' The Samnite change oi q to p appears to me to have happened at a recent date, 

 and under certain conditions not to have happened at all. 

 ' To be published in full in Journ. Anthr. Inst, xxsiv, 



