TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 821 



to be tlie moulding of an African people (all trace of the aboriginal Arawak and 

 Spaniard being completely lost in the all -prevailing negroid type) by English and 

 Scotch life and thought, no other influence having come in contact -with the race. 

 Here, too, it appears possible to have one civilisation alike for black, coloured, 

 and white, which is not the case in America. The reasons given for this rapid 

 evolutionary development since the emancipation of the slaves in 1834-38 are: 

 (1) the security of a solid government; (!') widespread education atl'orded by 

 I'll schools; (•3) an active religious propaganda rapidly suppressing Obeahism ; 

 (4) easy conditions of life : the scant needs of the negro are easily met ; (5) state- 

 aided settlement of lands on deferred payments, which is establishing a growing 

 class of peasant-proprietors. 



3. Mongoloid Europeans. By David MacRitchie. 



A careful consideration of the relics of the Cave-men of Europe has led 

 Professor Boyd Dawkins to the conclusion that the Eskimos of the present day 

 are almost certainly their representatives, and that the connection between these 

 two peoples must be one of blood. He does not ignore tbe possibility of descend- 

 ants of the Cave-men having survived into historic times in Europe ; but he is of 

 opinion that the Eskimo type has long been extinct in Europe. 



Here he is at variance with tlie deductions of Dr. Beddoe, made after an 

 analysis of the race-elements in modern Britain, to the effect that ' some reason can 

 be shown for suspecting the existence of traces of some Mongoloid race in the 

 modern population of Wales and the west of England.' 



While stating his belief that the Cave-men of ]<Auasia Avere driven eastward 

 into North America, where their descendants now exist as Eskimos, Professor 

 Boyd Dawkins points out that North-eastern Siberia yet retains an Eskimo 

 population — the ('hukches. Martiniere, however, reports in the Yalmal peninsula, 

 in 1G5.'3, a people closely resembling modern Eskimos in physical appearance, in 

 dress and manners, and, above all, in their use of the peculiar skin-covered skitf 

 generally known as a kayak. These skin-canoes are not reported in Arctic 

 Europe during the last few centuries ; but they are said to have been used in the 

 Orkney Islands by a race of occasional visitors, locally called * Finnmen,' between 

 the yeai's 1682 and 1701. The minute accounts given of the canoes of these 

 Finnmen leave no doubt that they Avere kayaks. One of them was preserved in 

 the Church of Burra, Orkney, for a time; and another in the Physicians' Hall, 

 Edinburgh. Popular tradition in Orkney and Shetland contains many references 

 to these ' Finnmen ' or ' Finns,' who are said to have frequently intermarried with 

 the islanders. These islanders are mainly Norsemen, and in the Norse language 

 ' Finn ' signitied ' Lapp.' The historical statements and the traditions relating to 

 * Finns ' denote reallj', therefore, an intercourse and a partial fusion between the 

 islanders and a Lap]) people accustomed, like modern Eskimos, to the use of the 

 kayak and all that that implies. Such a fusion would readily explain the Mongol- 

 oid features seen in certain Shetianders by Dr. Beddoe. 



It is noteworthy that the territory occupied by the Lapps in the ninth century 

 included the greater part of Scandinavia, and straggling remnants of that popu- 

 lation may have survived for many centuries in Southern Scandinavia. Martiniere 

 even speaks of a Lapp village near Christiania in 1653. 



There seems to be no trace of the use of the skin canoe among modern Lapps, 

 but von Diiben states that the mountain Lapps assert that their remote forefathers, 

 ■who came from the south-east of Europe, croesed the sound which separates 

 Denmark from Sweden in small skin-boats. 



If this tradition be accepted as accurate, it is reasonable to suppose that 

 remnants of the Lapps who were able to prolong their existence among the fiords, 

 long after the days of ' Norse ' invasion from the Continent, would at the same 

 time continue to use the skin canoes of their race, and this long after the inland 

 Lapps had ceased to know anything of such vessels, except from tradition. This 

 hypothesis would readily account for the existence of coast-dwelling Lapps who 



