822 REPORT— 1903. 



crossed from Scandinavia to Orkuej' and Shetland in their Iccq/aks as recently as 

 the seventeenth century. 



This conclusion supports Dr. Beddoe's belief that there is a Mongoloid element 

 araonp western Europeans. If the Mongoloid people assumed by Professor Boyd 

 Dawliiiis to have existed in Western Europe in primitive times really died out, it 

 seems necessary to suppose that there was a fresh Mongoloid immigration at a 

 much later date, e.(/. the lluu conquests of the iifth century. But there appears 

 to be ample evidence that Europe contained a truly Mongoloid population long 

 before the era of Hun domination, and even tliat the European Cave-men have 

 never ceased to be represented by people who have inherited their blood. 



4. Some Points about Crosses, chie/ly Celtic. By Miss A. A. Bulley. 



The paper deals with certain details only, and has nothing to do with the 

 general question of orif/in. In considering the form of the crosses, however, 

 regard is had to the fecli/if/ underlying tire treatment, so far as this can be 

 gathered from a general survey of the examples. Argument homfoun alone is 

 necessarily imperfect, and may be fallacious, though it may suggest lines of 

 investigation. In default of historic data, however, it is the only method possible. 



1 . Celtic crosses. — From a survey of examples from Cornwall, Wales, the Isle 

 of 3Ian, Scotland, and Ireland the author infers that in Celtic crosses — (i.) the 

 circle (whatever its meaning Hud however related eventually to the ends of the 

 arms) is not a mere adjunct (such as a glory, or a support for the arms), but is 

 of at least equal importance with the civs.^. The persistence of such a form 

 Avithout meaning points to an earlier period when the form represented an idea of 

 primary importance. The circle is therefore inferred to be here a root-idea, 

 (ii.) The long-shafted or Latin type appears to be an independent development 

 from the cross-with-circle-and -equal-arms. The author does not attempt to decide 

 whether or no this development was influenced by the introduction of the pure 

 ' Latin cross ' from outside. 



2. Non-Celtic crosses, on the other hand, exhibit lesser importance and weaker 

 treatment of the circle, e.g. : — 



(rt) Coptic crosses, though often inclosed in a wreath, are often without. 

 Later, the ankh symbol is confused with the cross. 



(b) lioman (catacomb) crosses in their earliest form are equal-armed, but 

 the circle is optional. The long-shafted or ' Latin ' form is later, and possibly 

 developed (in Italy) from processional use. The treatment also of these early 

 crosses is not realistic but si/mbolic : whereas the course of development is never 

 from symbolic to realistic, but the reverse. 



(c) Syrian crosses resemble catacomb-crosses, but are even more decorative iu' 

 treatment. The extant examples, however, are chiefly architectural ornaments,- 

 which may account for this. The circle is optional. 



5. Some Suggestions as to the Origin of the Brooch, and the jyrobahle Use of 

 certain Rings at jjvesent called ' Armlets.' By Edward Lovett. 



The author suggests, as the prototype of the ring-and-pin contrivance for 

 fastening a cloak, the use, by a hunting people, of the mammalian Os imiominatum- 

 and Os calcis, the corners of the cloak being drawn through the oval perforation 

 of the former and then pierced by the sharp point of the latter. In this positioni 

 the prominences on the Os calcis would drop into the hollow of tbe Os imiomina- 

 tum and prevent the Os calcis from falling out of place. 



The author notes, further, that very many rings of early date and various- 

 materials — bone, jet, shell, bronze, and iron — which are usually described as 

 ' armlets ' are of too small diameter to allow the entrance even of an infant's hand. 

 As such rings are frequently found associated with pins of similar materials,- 



