tfeANSACTIONS OF SECTION U. 823 



commonly regarded as ' hair-pins,' and as ring and pin are somedmes found in 

 situ on the breast of a skeleton, it is inferred that they represent a simple ring- 

 and-pin fastening of the kind described above. An apron-fastener of this type, 

 composed of an iron ring and a horse-shoe nail, is still worn in some of the black- 

 smiths' shops in Scotland. 



Tiie next step of development is taken when the pin is perforated at the thick 

 end and attached to the ring by a fibre to prevent it from being lost. This stage 

 is actually represented by a ring-aud-pin fastening which is in common use in 

 China : the ring is of agate, and tlie pin, which is of silver, is attached to it by a 

 silken thread. Probabl}' many of the perforated pins in our museums were simi- 

 larly attached to rings. 



An apron-fastener of the simple ring-and-pin type, composed of an iron ring 

 and a horse-shoe nail, is still worn in some of the blacksmiths' shops in Scotland ; 

 a similar simple brooch is still worn by the shepherds of Perthshire and by the 

 tinkers in this and other parts of Scotland ; and another similar form was in very 

 common use in Donegal as late as 1860. 



A further step is taken when the pin itself is hinged upon the ring, for security, 

 by bending its flattened head round the ring. This form is abundant in Celtic 

 times. The Tara brooch is a striking example, though the author suggests that it 

 may be a symbolic reversion to an earlier type. 



The inconvenience which accompanies the use of the ring-and-pin brooch, that 

 the fabric to be fastened must be drawn far through the ring before the pin can 

 pierce it, was remedied, it is suggested, by leaving a gap in the ring ; and from 

 this results the ' penannular ' brooch with its many varieties. 



O71 the Ethnology of the Siciutl Indians of British Columbia.^ 

 % C. Hill Tout. 



7. On the Canadian Indians as they are. By David Boyle.^ 



8. On the Legends of the Dieri and Kindred Tribes of Australia} 

 By A. W. HowiTT and Otto Siebert. 



9. A West Indian Aboriginal Wooden Image. By J. E. DuERDEN, Ph.D. 



This figure represents one of the most characteristic types of West Indian 

 wooden images, several of which are now known from different islands. They 

 have been found mostly in caves, and historic references to such objects of worship 

 or zemex in Columbian times are available. The present example represents a 

 single crouching human figure, terminated above by a large circular canopy and 

 resting upon an irregular wooden base. The face is very large ; the ears are indi- 

 cated by an upper smaller and a lower larger lobe, both perforated. The eye and 

 mouth apertures are formed in the usual rounded manner, with thickened margins. 

 The arms and legs are constricted, as by the wearing of circular bands ; small 

 mamma?, ribs, and a large erect virile organ are indicated. 



10. On a Model of the Arbor Loio Stone Circle, By H. BaLFOUR, M.A. 

 ' To be published in full in Juurn. Antlir. Inst, xxsiv. 



