92 A Study of the Vegetation of 
reforestation has occurred, the new forest has usually about the 
same composition as the old. In these cases, the composition 
of the previous forest was determined, of course, by a study 
of the stumps, by checking with the adjacent forest, especially 
primeval forest areas on similar adjacent slopes. The following 
case, found by repeated trials to be rather typical, is illustrative. 
Belt transects through a second growth forest occupying an 
area in Thatuna Hills cut over about twenty-five years ago gave 
the following percentage composition : 
Moist North Slope Dry South Slope 
Vellows pine’ 42. e 0.5 per cent. Yellow pine .....:.. 36.0 per cent. 
Douglas shia sasn - 4.0 per cent: Dotiglas “fe Asi.026%.: 14.0 per cent. 
amaracke sae 20:0. per Celt, hamarackmes acters 10.0 per cent. 
White rfin uhh wens 26.0-per cent) “White fin’... acess 40.0 per cent. 
Gedar ss Sieve nee: 39.5 per cent. 
Superficially such moist slopes appear to be clothed with nearly 
a pure tamarack forest, due to the more rapid height-growth of 
this species. In such young forests the cedars are often small, 
in fact, many are mere seedlings. A count of the annual rings 
shows that they came in after the other trees had, by their shade, 
made conditions less xerophytic. Their importance in the general 
composition of the forest might be overestimated from their high 
percentage. Farther up the slopes they are scattering, and only 
near the moist base are they present in great abundance. Like- 
wise, the white fir on the south slope occurs mostly in dense 
thickets near the base. On the open south slope trees averaged 
only I per square meter, while on the north slope the average was 
3.5 ‘per unit area. 
No less characteristic of the two types of forests are the shrubs 
and herbs of the undergrowth. Opulaster pauciflorus, Ceanothus 
velutinus, and Salix scouleriana make up the chief shrubby growth 
on the south slope, often covering many square meters exclusively. 
On the north slope both Opulaster pauciflorus and Ceanothus 
velutinus occur but rarely, while Vaccinium macrophyllum is 
more abundant than Salix scouleriana. Coptis occidentalis, 
Clintonia uniflora, Thalictrum occidentale, Mitella stauropetala, 
g2 
