14 Richard H. Boerker 
4. The amount of evaporation from the soil. 
5. [he amount of water withdrawn by other plants. 
6. The replacement of loss by capillary movement. 
7. The amount lost by seepage, percolation, etc. 
Of these factors, only four are important in the present investiga- 
tions. These are the water-holding capacity of the soil, the 
evaporation from the soil, the replacement of loss by capillary 
movement, and the amount lost by seepage and percolation. The 
water-holding capacity of a soil is determined by soil depth, soil 
texture, and the amount of organic matter present. In soil tex- 
ture two factors are important, namely, the size of the soil 
particles, which affects the surface area of the particles and the 
amount of pore space in the soil, and the density of arrangement 
of these particles. It is largely for these reasons that loam will 
hold more capillary water and will contain more air space than 
sand or gravel. Evaporation from the soil naturally affects 
greatly the amount of water available to the plant. This is 
affected by climatic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, 
and wind; and by soil factors such as texture, color, depth and 
the character of the surface. The replacement of the loss of soil 
water by capillarity depends upon the rise of water from the 
water table. ‘This rise is conditioned by the degree of saturation 
of the lower soil layers, the texture of the soil, the height to which 
the water must be raised and the character of the intervening soil 
layers. A fine-textured soil like loam or clay is much more favor- 
able in this respect than a coarse-grained soil like sand or gravel, 
principally on account of its great ability to obtain water from the 
lower soil layers. The amount of water lost by seepage and per- 
colation depends largely upon the texture of the soil. The coarser 
the soil the greater is the amount of water that percolates through 
it and the less is the amount held: by capillary forces. 
As far as it determines the amount of soil moisture available 
to plants, soil texture is certainly the most important physical 
property of the soil and it deserves a foremost consideration in all 
problems that pertain to the germination of seeds. 
