22 C. W. M. Poynter. 
Gelpke (1883), Marchand (1883), Turner (1883), Combes & Christopher- 
son (1884), v. Maschka (1884), Shattuck (1884), Toennies (1884), Tooth 
(1884), Bull (1885), Durozier (1885), Epstein (1886), Bury (1887), 
Harris (1887), Schrotter (1887), Fussell (1888), Birmingham (1889), 
Gampert (1889), Miura (1889), de Renzi (1889), Revilliod (1889), Audry 
& Lecroix (1890), Dorning (1890), Hebb (1890), Hochsinger (1891), 
Mirinescu (1893), Saunders (1893), Lochte (1894), Bonne (1895), 
Thérémén (1895), Litten (1896), Monod (1896), Rheiner (1896), Valenti 
& Pisenti (1896), Reifschlager (1897), Rolleston (1897), Freyberger 
(1898), Ramm (1899), Rolly (1890), Meinertz (1901), Peters (1901), 
Champeter & Carton (1903), Cowan & Ferguson (1903), Brain (1905), 
Chartier (1905), Ellis (1905), McCrae (1905), Apert & Brézaud (1906), 
Emanuel (1906), Young (1907), Keith (1909), Marchand (1909), Wenner 
(1909), Robertson (1911), Variot & Moranci (1911), Sato (1914). 
Class B: Gamage (1818), Hickman (1869), Schrotter (1870), Graan- 
boom (1891), Griffith (1891), Birmingham (1892), Stokes (1909), Wenner 
(1909). 
Class C: Walshe (1842), Stoltz (1851), Gut'wasser (1870), Pye-Smith 
(1872), Rokitansky (1875), Rauchfuss (1878), Toennies (1884), Mann 
(1889), Grunmach (1890), Lochte (1898), Thiele (1902), Wenner (1909). 
§ VI 
II. IRREGULARITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AORTIC AND 
PULMONIC ARCHES AND THE ROOTS CONNECTING THEM 
I have already outlined in a preceding section the growth of 
our knowledge concerning the development of the aortic arches. 
From this we see how slowly a clear understanding of the in- 
tricate steps of development has been reached, and it is not there- 
fore surprising that the anomalies encountered in this region were 
not sooner explained and classified. One of the most important 
steps in clearing up these cases was the paper by Wood (1859) 
showing the developmental process in the production of the ab- 
normality of a right subclavian artery as the last branch of the 
AOI, GSS ile, 12). 
Turner (1862) collected many cases of irregularity and classi- 
fied them according to the developmental error. Thomson 
(1863) criticized Turner for not sufficiently emphasizing by clas- 
sification the difference between simple cases of right aortic arch 
250 
