Arterial Anomalies 45 
Vesalius (1543), Casserius (1609), Spegelius (1627), Vestingus (1641), 
Troussieres (1668), Eustachius (1714), Heister (1717), Hunter (1717), 
Petsche (1736), Neubauer & Erdmann (1772) 2 cases, Meckel (1774), 
Huber (1777), Malacarne (1784), Neubauer (1786), Walter (1785), 
Burns (1809), Ryan (1812), Tiedemann (1822), Baron (Lauth 1825), 
Weher (1829), Lauth (1830), Hyrtl (1841), Quain (1844), Isaacs (1855), 
Kelly (1871), Peacock (1871), Pye-Smith, Howse, Davies, Colley (1871), 
Embleton (1872), Davies, Colley, Taylor (1873), Broca (1880), Shepherd 
(1880), Horrocks, White, Lane (1884), Deaver (1889), Freyberger (1898), 
Cowan & Ferguson (1903), Adachi (1914), Warren Museum 2 cases. 
This condition is quite common in mammals; it seems to have been 
encountered occasionally in all of the primates and is probably the normal 
condition for Hylobates. It is the most frequent arrangement in the car- 
nivores and has been noted in the following ungulates: giraffa, hippo- 
potamidae, hyracidae, llama, suidae, tapirus. Among the rodents this 
type of arrangement is normal for lepus and has been reported for cavi- 
didae, hystricidae, lagostomus, myopotamus, octodon, sciuridae. 
(b) This group may be termed bi-innominate; there are two 
trunks arising from the aortic arch and each divides into a sub- 
clavian and a carotid artery. The obvious anomaly is that the 
origin of the left subclavian has moved proximally on the arch 
till it is fused with the left carotid or that there has been a dis- 
turbance in the development of that portion of the arch between 
the carotid and subclavian. I have not been able to find any re- 
port of work on the developmental side of this problem. 
The following examples have been reported; for illustration 
see fig. 35. 
Biumi (1765), Malacarne (1784), Jackson (1816), Tiedemann (1822), 
Boudant (1829), Patruban (1844), Dubrueil (1847), Cruveilhier (1851), 
Broca (1880). 
The bi-innominate trunks are normal for Chiroptera (Grosser 1901) 
and are frequently found in the following other animals: cetacea, chryso- 
chloridinae, erinaceidae, tulpa. 
(c) A condition of two branches from the arch, the first made 
up of the two carotids and the other of the two subclavians. 
There may be some doubt about these cases; only two have been 
reported, the first, Schon (1823), was referred to by Meckel in 
his anatomy (1817), page III, as a case of bi-carotid bi-sub- 
clavian trunks, but Krause doubts the validity of the case; the 
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