Arterial Anomalies 47 
vertebral and last left subclavian, illustrated by fig. 43. In this 
group the innominate stem presents the same anomalous develop- 
ment that has been discussed in section III, B, 2 (a), the only 
difference from that section is the presence of a vertebral aris- 
ing from the arch instead of in its usual position. This latter 
variation is brought about by the persistence of one of the higher 
segmental arteries and the failure to establish the normal connec- 
tion with the segmental, which is represented in the subclavian ; 
see fig. 6. 
The following cases are illustrative: 
Sandifort (1781), Walter (1785), Meckel (1816), Tiedemann (1822), 
Paterson (1884), White, Lane, Price (1883), Warren Museum. 
2. This group is the same as the preceding except that the 
order of the subclavian and vertebral is changed; order of 
branches, innominate, left subclavian, left vertebral. Walter 
(1796 and 1805) reported a case, also Tiedemann (1822). Owen 
(1868) says the condition is normal for the giraffe. 
3. Order of branches, right subclavian, common trunk for the 
carotids, left subclavian; illustrated by fig. 4c. Cases are re- 
ported by Portal (1803), Tiedemann (1822), Dubrueil (1847), 
Trelat (1856). This condition is found occasionally in elephants 
and some marsupials. 
4. Order of branches, bi-carotid trunk, left subclavian and last 
right subclavian; illustrated by fig. 38. This arrangement of the 
carotids is a frequent one in the cases in which the right sub- 
clavian is the last branch of the arch. 
The following list is taken from cases already reported in sec- 
tion II, D, 1, but repeated here because in the former classifica- 
tion the arrangement of the carotids was not indicated. 
Hunauld (1735), Hommel (1737), Meckel (1751), Erdmann (1772), 
Sandifort (1772), Walter (1785), Green (1830), Lauth (1830), Demeaux 
(1841), Quain (1844), Patruban (1844), Dubrueil (1847) 2 cases, Pigne 
(1847), Stachelroth (1850), Cavasse (1856), Barkow (1866), Wood 
(1867), Brown & Brown (1868), Bankart, Pye-Smith, Phillips (1869), 
_Barkow (1869) 2 cases, Bradley (1871), Carrier (1880), Giacomini (1882), 
Calori (1890), Herrick (1897), Thomson (1891), Leboucq (1894), Jacques 
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