Arterial Anomalies 49 
subclavian (absence of innominate). The following cases have 
been reported: 
Bergerus (1698), Heister (1717), Nicolai (1725), Winslow (1732), Pal- 
fyn (1734), Ballay (1758), Meckel (1809 and 16), Ryan (Monro 1813), 
Fleischmann (1815), Tiedemann (1822), Lauth (1825), Pitcard (1840), 
Isaacs (1855), Krause (1865). 
(b) The order of branches is: Right common carotid, right 
subclavian, left common carotid, left subclavian; see fig. 44. 
Cases are reported by Huber (1777) and Walter (1785) and 
these are both figured by Tiedemann and Quain but there is no 
indication of the direction of the arch; Thomson (1863) thought 
them cases of right arch, Krause considered them incomprehen- 
sible from a developmental standpoint. 
(c) The order of branches is: Right common carotid, left com- 
mon carotid, right subclavian, left subclavian. Cases reported by 
Walter (1805) 2 cases, Krause (1865), Horrocks, White, Lane 
(1884). 
(d) The order of branches is: Left common carotid, right com- 
mon carotid, left subclavian, right subclavian. ‘This is a case of 
low origin of the right subclavian with transposition of the caro- 
tids; only reported example is by Rau (1890). 
(e) The order of branches is: Innominate, left carotid, left 
vertebral, left subclavian, see fig. 45. I have encountered three 
cases in my own dissecting rooms; in two of them the vertebrai 
entered the fifth transverse foramen and in the other the fourth 
foramen. As far as the vertebral is concerned this group is simi- 
lee joo JOUL, (Gs it, 
The following cases have been collected: 
Cassebohm (Bohmer 1741), Henkel (1747), Huber (1777), Tiedemann 
(1822), Quain (1844), Dubrueil (1847), Barkow (1869), Carver (1869), 
Bradley (1871), Pye-Smith, Howse, Davies, Colley (1871), Struthers 
(1875), Miller (Harris 1877), Shepherd (1877), Gruber (1878), Anderson 
(1879), Lees (1880), Shepherd (1880), Park (1883), White, Lane, Price 
(1886), Hochstetter (1890) in a dog, Shepherd (1890), Thomson (1891) 
5 cases, Abbott! (1892), Struthers (1893) 3 cases, Freyberger (1808), 
Azuta (1905), Kubo & Matsui (1906), Pellegrini (1906), Waldeyer (1906), 
Kubo (1908), Elze (Kemmetmiiller ’11), Kemmetmiuller (1911) 7 cases, 
Stein (1911), Adachi (1914) 9 cases. 
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