Arterial Anomalies 53 
are reported by Otto (1824), Hermann (1830), Barkow (1869), 
Watson (1877) and Abbott (1892). 
(h) Ina right arch the order of branches is: Innominate, com- 
posed of the left carotid and left vertebral, right carotid, right 
vertebral, right subclavian, left subclavian. A case has been re- 
ported by Brenner (1883). 
3. Number of Branches Six—The number of branches from 
the arch six; classified according to arrangement as follows: 
(a) The order of branches is: Right subclavian, right verte- 
bral, right carotid, left carotid, left vertebral, left subclavian; 
see fig. 49. Cases are reported by Miller (Meckel, 1817), Tiede- 
mann (1822) and Harrison (Quain, 1844). 
(b) The order of branches is: Innominate, left carotid, two 
left vertebrals, left inferior thyroid, left subclavian. A case is 
reported by Kemmetmuller (1911) ; in this case a thyreoidea ima 
came from the innominate. 
§ VIII 
E. Irregularities of the Individual Arteries Grouped Together 
Irregularities of the several arteries are grouped together in 
this section under the headings of the arteries for the benefit of 
those who wish to consult anomalies from this standpoint. 
1. Thyreoidea Ima.—The thyreoidea ima was first described by 
Nicolai (1725) and, as Neubauer (1722) pointed out, must not 
be confused with the inferior thyroids. Its frequency has been 
placed as high as 10 percent (Morris’s Human Anatomy, Jack- 
son), but this would appear to be too high; Adachi (1914) en- 
countered only one case in 271 subjects. In my own experience 
two cases, one from the arch between the left carotid and left 
subclavian and one from the innominate, have been found. 
The artery when present shows wide variation in its origin; 
Gruber (1872) analyzed 80 reported cases as follows: from the 
arch 12 cases, 9 between innominate and left carotid, 2 between 
right subclavian and right carotid, 1 between the left carotid and 
subclavian ; 39 from the innominate; 16 from the carotid; 6 from 
the internal mammary; 3 from the right subclavian; 1 from the 
281 
